250 lines
6.6 KiB
Markdown
250 lines
6.6 KiB
Markdown
# ifupdown-ng for system administrators
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ifupdown-ng is a network device manager which is backwards
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compatible with traditional ifup and ifdown as used on Debian
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and Alpine systems, while solving many design deficits with
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the original approach through robust error handling and the
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use of a dependency-solver to determine interface bring-up
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order.
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This guide is intended to walk users through using the
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ifupdown-ng system without any assumption of familiarity
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with the legacy ifupdown system.
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## Important Filesystem Paths
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The ifupdown-ng system uses the following paths, ranked
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in order of importance:
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* `/etc/network/interfaces`: the interface configuration
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database, which contains information about what
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interfaces should be configured.
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* `/etc/network/ifupdown-ng.conf`: the main configuration
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file which controls ifupdown-ng's behaviour. See the
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*ifupdown-ng Configuration* section below.
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* `/run/ifstate`: the interface state file, which denotes
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what physical interfaces are configured, and what
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interface definition they are configured as.
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* `/usr/libexec/ifupdown-ng`: this directory contains the
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native ifupdown-ng executors, which are run as necessary
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to configure an interface. See the ifupdown-executor(7)
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manual page for more information on how these programs
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are written.
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* `/etc/network/if-{up|down|pre-up|post-down}.d`:
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these directories contain scripts that are run when an
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interface is brought up or down. In general, they follow
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the same contract described in ifupdown-executor(7).
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All configuration examples in this guide concern the
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`/etc/network/interfaces` file.
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## ifupdown-ng Configuration
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ifupdown-ng allows to configure some parts of it's behaviour.
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Currently the following settings are supported in
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`/etc/network/ifupdown-ng.conf`:
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* `allow_addon_scripts`: Enable support for /etc/if-X.d addon scripts.
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These are used for compatibility with legacy setups, and may be
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disabled for performance improvements in setups where only
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ifupdown-ng executors are used. Valid values are `0` and `1`,
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default is `1`.
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* `allow_any_iface_as_template`: Enable any interface to act as a
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template for another interface. This is presently the default,
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but is deprecated. An admin may choose to disable this setting
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in order to require inheritance from specified templates.
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Valid values are `0` and `1`, the default is `1`.
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* `implicit_template_conversion`: In some legacy configs, a template
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may be declared as an iface, and ifupdown-ng automatically converts
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those declarations to a proper template. If this setting is
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disabled, inheritance will continue to work against non-template
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interfaces without converting them to a template. Valid values
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are `0` and `1`, the default is `1`.
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## Interface Configuration
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### Basic Configuration
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To begin with, lets look at a basic configuration for a
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desktop computer. This scenario involves using the DHCP
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helper to learn an IPv4 address dynamically.
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In this case, the `/etc/network/interfaces` file would
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look like:
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```
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auto eth0
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iface eth0
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use dhcp
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```
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These configuration statements do two things: designate
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that `eth0` should be started automatically with the `auto`
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keyword, and designate that the `dhcp` executor should be
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used to configure the interface.
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As a more detailed explanation, here is a commented version:
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```
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# Start eth0 automatically.
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auto eth0
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# Begin an interface definition for eth0.
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iface eth0
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# Use the dhcp executor to configure eth0.
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use dhcp
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```
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### IPv6 RA Configuration
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With IPv6, stateless auto-configuration is typically used to
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configure network interfaces. If you are not interested in
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using IPv4 at all, you can simply use the `ipv6-ra` executor
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to ensure that an interface is configured to accept IPv6 RA
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advertisements:
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```
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auto eth0
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iface eth0
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use ipv6-ra
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```
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### Static Configuration
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We can use the `static` executor to configure static IPv4 and
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IPv6 addresses. If you use the `address` keyword, the `static`
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executor will automatically be used to configure the interface:
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```
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auto eth0
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iface eth0
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address 203.0.113.2/24
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gateway 203.0.113.1
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```
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#### Multiple Addresses
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A typical scenario on servers is where a server has multiple
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IP addresses on a single interface. In this case you simply
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add additional `address` lines like this:
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```
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auto eth0
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iface eth0
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address 203.0.113.2/24
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address 203.0.113.3/24
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address 203.0.113.4/24
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gateway 203.0.113.1
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```
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#### Dual-stack configurations
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Another typical scenario for servers is to run a dual-stack
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configuration, where interfaces have both an IPv4 and an IPv6
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address. This is accomplished in a similar way as multi-homing.
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You specify the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses you want, followed by
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gateways for each:
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```
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auto eth0
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iface eth0
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address 203.0.113.2/24
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address 203.0.113.3/24
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address 203.0.113.4/24
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gateway 203.0.113.1
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address 2001:db8:1000:2::2/64
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address 2001:db8:1000:2::3/64
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address 2001:db8:1000:2::4/64
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gateway 2001:db8:1000:2::1
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```
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## Relationships
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As previously mentioned, ifupdown-ng features a dependency
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resolver that allows for determining the interface configuration
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order.
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In order to make use of this, dependencies can be managed in one
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of two ways:
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### Explicit dependency management using `requires`
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The `requires` keyword can be used to manage explicit
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dependencies:
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```
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auto eth0
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iface eth0
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use dhcp
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auto gre0
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iface gre0
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requires eth0
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use gre
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gre-endpoint 203.0.113.2
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gre-ttl 255
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gre-flags ignore-df
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address 203.0.113.194/30
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gateway 203.0.113.193
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```
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### Implicit dependency management using executors
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Executors can declare implicit dependencies which work the same
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way as explicit dependencies, but are learned at run-time, for
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example:
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```
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auto bond0
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iface bond0
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use bond
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bond-members eth0 eth1
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[...]
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```
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Is with respect to dependency equivalent to:
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```
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auto bond0
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iface bond0
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use bond
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requires eth0 eth1
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[...]
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```
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## Executors
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The ifupdown-ng system is expanded with additional features via
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executors. Executors are selected on a per-interface basis using
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`use` statements, for example:
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```
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auto eth0
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iface eth0
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use dhcp
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```
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Executors are run in the order specified by the `use` statements.
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Some executors are automatically added based on other statements
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in an interface definition. To see the full list of executors
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used for an interface, use the ifquery(8) command.
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## Questions
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If you have further questions about how to use ifupdown-ng to
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configure a specific scenario, drop by the
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[ifupdown-ng IRC channel](irc://irc.as7007.net/#ifupdown-ng).
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