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<BODY LANG="en-GB" BGCOLOR="#ffffff" DIR="LTR">
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<H4 CLASS="western">POSIX Threads for Windows – REFERENCE -
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<A HREF="http://sources.redhat.com/pthreads-win32">Pthreads-w32</A></H4>
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<P><A HREF="index.html">Reference Index</A></P>
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<P><A HREF="#toc">Table of Contents</A></P>
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<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc0" NAME="sect0">Name</A></H2>
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<P>pthread_mutex_init, pthread_mutex_lock, pthread_mutex_trylock,
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pthread_mutex_timedlock, pthread_mutex_unlock,
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pthread_mutex_consistent, pthread_mutex_destroy - operations on
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mutexes
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</P>
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<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc1" NAME="sect1">Synopsis</A></H2>
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<P><B>#include <pthread.h></B>
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</P>
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<P><B>#include <time.h></B></P>
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<P><B>pthread_mutex_t </B><I>fastmutex</I> <B>=
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PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;</B>
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</P>
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<P><B>pthread_mutex_t </B><I>recmutex</I> <B>=
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PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;</B>
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</P>
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<P><B>pthread_mutex_t </B><I>errchkmutex</I> <B>=
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PTHREAD_ERRORCHECK_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;</B>
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</P>
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<P><B>pthread_mutex_t </B><I>recmutex</I> <B>=
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PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP;</B>
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</P>
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<P><B>pthread_mutex_t </B><I>errchkmutex</I> <B>=
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PTHREAD_ERRORCHECK_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP;</B>
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</P>
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<P><B>int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *</B><I>mutex</I><B>,
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const pthread_mutexattr_t *</B><I>mutexattr</I><B>);</B>
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</P>
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<P><B>int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *</B><I>mutex</I><B>);</B>
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</P>
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<P><B>int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *</B><I>mutex</I><B>);</B>
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</P>
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<P><B>int pthread_mutex_timedlock(pthread_mutex_t *</B><I>mutex,
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</I><B>const struct timespec *</B><I>abs_timeout</I><B>);</B>
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</P>
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<P><B>int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *</B><I>mutex</I><B>);</B>
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</P>
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<P><B>int pthread_mutex_consistent(pthread_mutex_t *</B><I>mutex</I><B>);</B>
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</P>
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<P><B>int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *</B><I>mutex</I><B>);</B>
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</P>
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<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc2" NAME="sect2">Description</A></H2>
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<P>A mutex is a MUTual EXclusion device, and is useful for protecting
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shared data structures from concurrent modifications, and
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implementing critical sections and monitors.
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</P>
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<P>A mutex has two possible states: unlocked (not owned by any
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thread), and locked (owned by one thread). A mutex can never be owned
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by two different threads simultaneously. A thread attempting to lock
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a mutex that is already locked by another thread is suspended until
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the owning thread unlocks the mutex first.
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</P>
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<P><B>pthread_mutex_init</B> initializes the mutex object pointed to
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by <I>mutex</I> according to the mutex attributes specified in
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<I>mutexattr</I>. If <I>mutexattr</I> is <B>NULL</B>, default
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attributes are used instead.
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</P>
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<P>The type of a mutex determines whether it can be locked again by a
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thread that already owns it. The default type is “normal”. See
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<A HREF="pthread_mutexattr_init.html"><B>pthread_mutexattr_init</B>(3)</A>
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for more information on mutex attributes.
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</P>
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<P>Variables of type <B>pthread_mutex_t</B> can also be initialized
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statically, using the constants <B>PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER</B> (for
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normal “fast” mutexes), <B>PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER</B>
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(for recursive mutexes), and <B>PTHREAD_ERRORCHECK_MUTEX_INITIALIZER</B>
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(for error checking mutexes). <SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">In
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the </SPAN><B>Pthreads-w32</B> <SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">implementation,
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an application should still call </SPAN><B>pthread_mutex_destroy</B>
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<SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">at some point to ensure that any
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resources consumed by the mutex are released.</SPAN></P>
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<P><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">Any mutex type can be
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initialized as a </SPAN><B>robust mutex</B><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">.
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See </SPAN><A HREF="pthread_mutexattr_init.html"><B>pthread_mutexattr_init</B><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">(3)</SPAN></A>
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<SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">for more information as well as the
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section </SPAN><I><U><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">Robust Mutexes</SPAN></U></I>
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<SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">below.</SPAN></P>
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<P><B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> locks the given mutex. If the mutex is
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currently unlocked, it becomes locked and owned by the calling
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thread, and <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> returns immediately. If the
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mutex is already locked by another thread, <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B>
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suspends the calling thread until the mutex is unlocked.</P>
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<P>If the mutex is already locked by the calling thread, the behavior
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of <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> depends on the type of the mutex. If the
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mutex is of the “normal” type, the calling thread is suspended
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until the mutex is unlocked, thus effectively causing the calling
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thread to deadlock. If the mutex is of the ‘‘error checking’’
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type, <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> returns immediately with the error
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code <B>EDEADLK</B>. If the mutex is of the ‘‘recursive’’
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type, <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> succeeds and returns immediately,
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recording the number of times the calling thread has locked the
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mutex. An equal number of <B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B> operations must
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be performed before the mutex returns to the unlocked state.
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</P>
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<P><B>pthread_mutex_trylock</B> behaves identically to
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<B>pthread_mutex_lock</B>, except that it does not block the calling
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thread if the mutex is already locked by another thread (or by the
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calling thread in the case of a “normal” or “<SPAN STYLE="font-style: normal">errorcheck</SPAN>”
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mutex). Instead, <B>pthread_mutex_trylock</B> returns immediately
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with the error code <B>EBUSY</B>.
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</P>
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<P><B>pthread_mutex_timedlock</B> behaves identically to
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<B>pthread_mutex_lock</B>, except that if it cannot acquire the lock
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before the <I>abs_timeout</I> time, the call returns with the error
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code <B>ETIMEDOUT</B>. If the mutex can be locked immediately it is,
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and the <B>abs_timeout</B> parameter is ignored.</P>
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<P><B>pthread_mutex_consistent</B> may only be called for
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<B>PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST</B> mutexes. It simply marks the mutex as
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consistent. See <I><U>Robust Mutexes</U></I> below.</P>
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<P><B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B> unlocks the given mutex. The mutex is
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assumed to be locked and owned by the calling thread on entrance to
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<B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B>. If the mutex is of the “normal”
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type, <B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B> always returns it to the unlocked
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state. If it is of the ‘‘recursive’’ type, it decrements the
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locking count of the mutex (number of <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B>
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operations performed on it by the calling thread), and only when this
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count reaches zero is the mutex actually unlocked. In <B>Pthreads-win32</B>,
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non-robust normal or default mutex types do not check the owner of
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the mutex. For all types of robust mutexes the owner is checked and
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an error code is returned if the calling thread does not own the
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mutex.</P>
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<P>On ‘‘error checking’’ mutexes, <B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B>
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actually checks at run-time that the mutex is locked on entrance, and
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that it was locked by the same thread that is now calling
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<B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B>. If these conditions are not met, an
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error code is returned and the mutex remains unchanged. ‘‘Normal’’
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[non-robust] mutexes perform no such checks, thus allowing a locked
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mutex to be unlocked by a thread other than its owner. This is
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non-portable behavior and is not meant to be used as a feature.</P>
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<P><B>pthread_mutex_destroy</B> destroys a mutex object, freeing the
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resources it might hold. The mutex must be unlocked on entrance.</P>
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<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc10" NAME="sect10">Robust Mutexes</A></H2>
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<P>If the mutex is <B>PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST</B> and the owning thread
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terminates without unlocking the mutex the implementation will wake
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one waiting thread, if any. The next thread to acquire the mutex will
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receive the error code <B>EOWNERDEAD</B><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">,
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in which case that thread should if possible ensure that the state
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protected by the mutex is consistent and then call
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</SPAN><B>pthread_mutex_consistent</B> <SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">before
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unlocking. The mutex may then be used normally from then on.</SPAN></P>
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<P><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">If the thread cannot recover the
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state then it must call </SPAN><B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">
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without calling </SPAN><B>pthread_mutex_consistent</B><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">.
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This will mark the mutex as unusable and wake all currently waiting
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threads with the return code </SPAN><B>ENOTRECOVERABLE</B><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">.
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The error indicates that the mutex is no longer usable and any
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threads that receive this error code from any lock operation have not
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acquired the mutex. The mutex can be made consistent by calling
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</SPAN><B>pthread_mutex_destroy</B> <SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">to
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uninitialize the mutex, and calling </SPAN><B>pthread_mutex_int</B>
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<SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">to reinitialize the mutex. However,
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the state that was protected by the mutex remains inconsistent and
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some form of application recovery is required.</SPAN></P>
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<P><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">If a thread that receives the
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</SPAN><B>EOWNERDEAD</B> <SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">error code
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itself terminates without unlocking the mutex then this behaviour
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||
repeats for the next acquiring thread.</SPAN></P>
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<P><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">Applications must ensure that
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they check the return values from all calls targeting robust mutexes.</SPAN></P>
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<P STYLE="font-weight: normal">Robust mutexes are slower because they
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require some additional overhead, however they are not very much
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slower than the non-robust recursive type.</P>
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<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc3" NAME="sect3">Cancellation</A></H2>
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<P>None of the mutex functions is a cancellation point, not even
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<B>pthread_mutex_lock</B>, in spite of the fact that it can suspend a
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thread for arbitrary durations. This way, the status of mutexes at
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cancellation points is predictable, allowing cancellation handlers to
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unlock precisely those mutexes that need to be unlocked before the
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thread stops executing. Consequently, threads using deferred
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cancellation should never hold a mutex for extended periods of time.
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</P>
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<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc4" NAME="sect4">Async-signal Safety</A></H2>
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<P>The mutex functions are not async-signal safe. What this means is
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that they should not be called from a signal handler. In particular,
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calling <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> or <B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B> from
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a signal handler may deadlock the calling thread.
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</P>
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<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc5" NAME="sect5">Return Value</A></H2>
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<P><B>pthread_mutex_init</B> always returns 0. The other mutex
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functions return 0 on success and a non-zero error code on error.
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</P>
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<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc6" NAME="sect6">Errors</A></H2>
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<P>The <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> function returns the following error
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code on error:
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</P>
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<DL>
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<DL>
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<DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"><B>EINVAL</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the mutex has not been properly initialized.
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</DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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<B>EDEADLK</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the mutex is already locked by the calling thread (‘‘error
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checking’’ mutexes only).
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</DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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<B>EOWNERDEAD</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the robust mutex is now locked by the calling thread after the
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previous owner terminated without unlocking it.</DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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<B>ENOTRECOVERABLE</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the robust mutex is not locked and is no longer usable after the
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previous owner unlocked it without calling
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pthread_mutex_consistent.</DD></DL>
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<DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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The <B>pthread_mutex_trylock</B> function returns the following
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error codes on error:
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</DD><DL>
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<DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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<B>EBUSY</B>
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</DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the mutex could not be acquired because it was currently locked.
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</DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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<B>EINVAL</B>
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</DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the mutex has not been properly initialized.
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</DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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<B>EOWNERDEAD</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the robust mutex is now locked by the calling thread after the
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previous owner terminated without unlocking it.</DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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<B>ENOTRECOVERABLE</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the robust mutex is not locked and is no longer usable after the
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previous owner unlocked it without calling
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pthread_mutex_consistent.</DD></DL>
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</DL>
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<P>
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The <B>pthread_mutex_timedlock</B> function returns the following
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error codes on error:
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</P>
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<DL>
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<DL>
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<DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"><B>ETIMEDOUT</B>
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</DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the mutex could not be acquired before the <I>abs_timeout</I> time
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arrived.
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</DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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<B>EINVAL</B>
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</DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the mutex has not been properly initialized.
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</DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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<B>EOWNERDEAD</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the robust mutex is now locked by the calling thread after the
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previous owner terminated without unlocking it.</DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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<B>ENOTRECOVERABLE</B></DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the robust mutex is not locked and is no longer usable after the
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previous owner unlocked it without calling
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pthread_mutex_consistent.</DD></DL>
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</DL>
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<P>
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The <B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B> function returns the following error
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||
code on error:
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</P>
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<DL>
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<DL>
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<DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"><B>EINVAL</B>
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</DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the mutex has not been properly initialized.
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</DD><DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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<B>EPERM</B>
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||
</DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the calling thread does not own the mutex (‘‘error checking’’
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||
mutexes only).
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</DD></DL>
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||
</DL>
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<P>
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The <B>pthread_mutex_destroy</B> function returns the following error
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||
code on error:
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</P>
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<DL>
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||
<DL>
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||
<DT STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in"><B>EBUSY</B>
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||
</DT><DD STYLE="margin-right: 0.39in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
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the mutex is currently locked.
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</DD></DL>
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</DL>
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<H2 CLASS="western">
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<A HREF="#toc7" NAME="sect7">Author</A></H2>
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<P>Xavier Leroy <Xavier.Leroy@inria.fr>
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</P>
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<P>Modified by Ross Johnson for use with <A HREF="http://sources.redhat.com/pthreads-win32">Pthreads-w32</A>.</P>
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<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc8" NAME="sect8">See Also</A></H2>
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<P><A HREF="pthread_mutexattr_init.html"><B>pthread_mutexattr_init</B>(3)</A>
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||
, <A HREF="pthread_mutexattr_init.html"><B>pthread_mutexattr_settype</B>(3)</A>
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, <A HREF="pthread_cancel.html"><B>pthread_cancel</B>(3)</A> .
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</P>
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<H2 CLASS="western"><A HREF="#toc9" NAME="sect9">Example</A></H2>
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<P>A shared global variable <I>x</I> can be protected by a mutex as
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follows:
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</P>
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<PRE CLASS="western" STYLE="margin-left: 0.39in; margin-right: 0.39in">int x;
|
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pthread_mutex_t mut = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;</PRE><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in">
|
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All accesses and modifications to <I>x</I> should be bracketed by
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calls to <B>pthread_mutex_lock</B> and <B>pthread_mutex_unlock</B> as
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follows:
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
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<PRE CLASS="western" STYLE="margin-left: 0.41in; margin-right: 0.79in">pthread_mutex_lock(&mut);
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/* operate on x */
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pthread_mutex_unlock(&mut);</PRE>
|
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<HR>
|
||
<BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in"><A NAME="toc"></A><B>Table
|
||
of Contents</B></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
||
<UL>
|
||
<LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect0" NAME="toc0">Name</A>
|
||
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
||
<LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect1" NAME="toc1">Synopsis</A>
|
||
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
||
<LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect2" NAME="toc2">Description</A>
|
||
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
||
<LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect10" NAME="toc10">Robust
|
||
Mutexes</A></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
||
<LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect3" NAME="toc3">Cancellation</A>
|
||
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
||
<LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect4" NAME="toc4">Async-signal
|
||
Safety</A>
|
||
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
||
<LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect5" NAME="toc5">Return
|
||
Value</A>
|
||
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
||
<LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect6" NAME="toc6">Errors</A>
|
||
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
||
<LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect7" NAME="toc7">Author</A>
|
||
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
||
<LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in; margin-bottom: 0in"><A HREF="#sect8" NAME="toc8">See
|
||
Also</A>
|
||
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
||
<LI><BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="margin-right: 2.75in"><A HREF="#sect9" NAME="toc9">Example</A>
|
||
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
||
</UL>
|
||
</BODY>
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||
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