How to make a new subdriver to support another USB/HID UPS
----------------------------------------------------------

Overall concept
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

USB (Universal Serial Port) devices can be divided into several
different classes (audio, imaging, mass storage etc). Almost all UPS
devices belong to the "HID" class, which means "Human Interface
Device", and also includes things like keyboards and mice. What HID
devices have in common is a particular (and very flexible) interface
for reading and writing information (such as x/y coordinates and
button states, in case of a mouse, or voltages and status information,
in case of a UPS).

The NUT "usbhid-ups" driver is a meta-driver that handles all HID UPS
devices. It consists of a core driver that handles most of the work of
talking to the USB hardware, and several sub-drivers to handle
specific UPS manufacturers (MGE, APC, and Belkin are currently
supported).  Adding support for a new HID UPS device is easy, because
it requires only the creation of a new sub-driver.

There are a few USB UPS devices that are not HID devices. These
devices typically implement some version of the manufacturer's serial
protocol over USB (which is a really dumb idea, by the way). An
example is the Tripplite USB. Such devices are *not* supported by the
usbhid-ups driver, and are not covered in this document. If you need to
add support for such a device, read new-drivers.txt and see the
tripplite_usb driver for inspiration.

HID Usage Tree
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

From the point of view of writing a HID subdriver, a HID device
consists of a bunch of variables.  Some variables (such as the current
input voltage) are read-only, whereas other variables (such as the
beeper enabled/disabled/muted status) can be read and written. These
variables are usually grouped together and arranged in a hierarchical
tree shape, similar to directories in a file system. This tree is
called the "usage" tree. For example, here is part of the usage tree
for a typical APC device. Variable components are separated by ".".
Typical values for each variable are also shown for illustrative
purposes.

[width="35%"]
|================================================
|UPS.Battery.Voltage            |  11.4 V
|UPS.Battery.ConfigVoltage      |  12 V
|UPS.Input.Voltage              |  117 V
|UPS.Input.ConfigVoltage        |  120 V
|UPS.AudibleAlarmControl        |  2 (=enabled)
|UPS.PresentStatus.Charging     |  1 (=yes)
|UPS.PresentStatus.Discharging  |  0 (=no)
|UPS.PresentStatus.ACPresent    |  1 (=yes)
|================================================

As you can see, variables that describe the battery status might be
grouped together under "Battery", variables that describe the input
power might be grouped together under "Input", and variables that
describe the current UPS status might be grouped together under
"PresentStatus". All of these variables are grouped together under
"UPS".

This hierarchical organization of data has the advantage of being very
flexible; for example, if some device has more than one battery, then
similar information about each battery could be grouped under
"Battery1", "Battery2" and so forth. If your UPS can also be used as a
toaster, then information about the toaster function might be grouped
under "Toaster", rather than "UPS".

However, the disadvantage is that each manufacturer will have their
own idea about how the usage tree should be organized, and usbhid-ups
needs to know about all of them. This is why manufacturer specific
subdrivers are needed.

To make matters more complicated, usage tree components (such as
"UPS", "Battery", or "Voltage") are internally represented not as
strings, but as numbers (called "usages" in HID terminology). These
numbers are defined in the "HID Usage Tables", available from
http://www.usb.org/developers/hidpage/.  The standard usages for UPS
devices are defined in a document called "Usage Tables for HID Power
Devices" (the Power Device Class [PDC] specification).

For example:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 0x00840010 = UPS
 0x00840012 = Battery
 0x00840030 = Voltage
 0x00840040 = ConfigVoltage
 0x0084001a = Input
 0x0084005a = AudibleAlarmControl
 0x00840002 = PresentStatus
 0x00850044 = Charging
 0x00850045 = Discharging
 0x008500d0 = ACPresent
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Thus, the above usage tree is internally represented as:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 00840010.00840012.00840030
 00840010.00840012.00840040
 00840010.0084001a.00840030
 00840010.0084001a.00840040
 00840010.0084005a
 00840010.00840002.00850044
 00840010.00840002.00850045
 00840010.00840002.008500d0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To make matters worse, most manufacturers define their own additional
usages, even in cases where standard usages could have been used. for
example Belkin defines `00860040` = ConfigVoltage (which is incidentally
a violation of the USB PDC specification, as `00860040` is reserved for
future use).

Thus, subdrivers generally need to provide: 

- manufacturer-specific usage definitions,
- a mapping of HID variables to NUT variables.

Moreover, subdrivers might have to provide additional functionality,
such as custom implementations of specific instant commands (load.off,
shutdown.restart), and conversions of manufacturer specific data
formats.


Writing a subdriver
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In preparation for writing a subdriver for a device that is currently
unsupported, run usbhid-ups with the following command line:

 drivers/usbhid-ups -DD -u root -x explore -x vendorid=XXXX auto

(substitute your device's 4-digit VendorID instead of "XXXX"). 
This will produce a bunch of debugging information, including a number 
of lines starting with "Path:" that describe the device's usage tree. 
This information forms the initial basis for a new subdriver. 

You should save this information to a file, e.g. 
 drivers/usbhid-ups -DD -u root -x explore -x vendorid=XXXX auto >& /tmp/info

You can create an initial "stub" subdriver for your device by using
script scripts/subdriver/gen-usbhid-subdriver.sh. Note: this only creates
a "stub" and needs to be futher customized to be useful (see
CUSTOMIZATION below).

Use the script as follows:

	scripts/subdriver/gen-usbhid-subdriver.sh < /tmp/info

where /tmp/info is the file where you previously saved the debugging
information.

This script prompts you for a name for the subdriver; use only letters
and digits, and use natural capitalization such as "Belkin" (not
"belkin" or "BELKIN"). The script may prompt you for additional
information.

You should put the generated files into the drivers/ subdirectory, and
update usbhid-ups.c by adding the appropriate #include line and by
updating the definition of subdriver_list in usbhid-ups.c. You must
also add the subdriver to USBHID_UPS_SUBDRIVERS in drivers/Makefile.am
and call "autoreconf" and/or "./configure" from the top level NUT directory.
You can then recompile usbhid-ups, and start experimenting with the new
subdriver.

CUSTOMIZATION: The initially generated subdriver code is only a stub,
and will not implement any useful functionality (in particular, it
will be unable to shut down the UPS). In the beginning, it simply
attempts to monitor some UPS variables. To make this driver useful,
you must examine the NUT variables of the form "unmapped.*" in the
hid_info_t data structure, and map them to actual NUT variables and
instant commands. There are currently no step-by-step instructions for
how to do this. Please look at the files to see how the currently implemented
subdrivers are written.:

- apc-hid.c/h
- belkin-hid.c/h
- cps-hid.c/h
- explore-hid.c/h
- libhid.c/h
- liebert-hid.c/h
- mge-hid.c/h
- powercom-hid.c/h
- tripplite-hid.c/h


Shutting down the UPS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

It is desireable to support shutting down the UPS. Usually (for
devices that follow the HID Power Device Class specification), this
requires sending the UPS two commands. One for shutting down the UPS
(with an 'offdelay') and one for restarting it (with an 'ondelay'),
where offdelay < ondelay. The two NUT commands for which this is
relevant, are 'shutdown.return' and 'shutdown.stayoff'.

Since the one-to-one mapping above doesn't allow sending two HID
commands to the UPS in response to sending one NUT command to the
driver, this is handled by the driver. In order to make this work,
you need to define the following four NUT values:

	ups.delay.start    (variable, R/W)
	ups.delay.shutdown (variable, R/W)
	load.off.delay     (command)
	load.on.delay      (command)

If the UPS supports it, the following variables can be used to show
the countdown to start/shutdown:

	ups.timer.start    (variable, R/O)
	ups.timer.shutdown (variable, R/O)

The `load.on` and `load.off` commands will be defined implicitly by
the driver (using a delay value of '0'). Define these commands
yourself, if your UPS requires a different value to switch on/off
the load without delay.

Note that the driver expects the `load.off.delay` and `load.on.delay`
to follow the HID Power Device Class specification, which means that
the `load.on.delay` command should NOT switch on the load in the
absence of mains power. If your UPS switches on the load regardless of
the mains status, DO NOT define this command. You probably want to
define the `shutdown.return` and/or `shutdown.stayoff` commands in
that case. Commands defined in the subdriver will take precedence over
the ones that are composed in the driver.

When running the driver with the '-k' flag, it will first attempt to
send a `shutdown.return` command and if that fails, will fallback to
`shutdown.reboot`.
