diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index a87ef80..797208e 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ LIBBSD_CFLAGS =
 LIBBSD_LIBS =
 
 PACKAGE_NAME := ifupdown-ng
-PACKAGE_VERSION := 0.10.0
+PACKAGE_VERSION := 0.10.2
 PACKAGE_BUGREPORT := https://github.com/ifupdown-ng/ifupdown-ng/issues/new
 
 
diff --git a/cmd/ifquery.c b/cmd/ifquery.c
index 720ab58..ffb62f2 100644
--- a/cmd/ifquery.c
+++ b/cmd/ifquery.c
@@ -182,7 +182,8 @@ list_state(struct lif_dict *state, struct match_options *opts)
 		if (listing_running)
 			printf("%s\n", entry->key);
 		else
-			printf("%s=%s %zu\n", entry->key, rec->mapped_if, rec->refcount);
+			printf("%s=%s %zu%s\n", entry->key, rec->mapped_if, rec->refcount,
+			       rec->is_explicit ? " explicit" : "");
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/cmd/ifupdown.c b/cmd/ifupdown.c
index 1edc2d0..2c32706 100644
--- a/cmd/ifupdown.c
+++ b/cmd/ifupdown.c
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ acquire_state_lock(const char *state_path, const char *lifname)
 }
 
 bool
-skip_interface(struct lif_interface *iface, const char *ifname)
+skip_interface(struct lif_interface *iface, const char *ifname, struct lif_dict *state, bool update_state)
 {
 	if (iface->is_template)
 	{
@@ -123,16 +123,23 @@ skip_interface(struct lif_interface *iface, const char *ifname)
 	if (up && iface->refcount > 0)
 	{
 		if (exec_opts.verbose)
-			fprintf(stderr, "%s: skipping auto interface %s (already configured), use --force to force configuration\n",
-				argv0, ifname);
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s: skipping %sinterface %s (already configured), use --force to force configuration\n",
+				argv0, iface->is_auto ? "auto " : "", ifname);
+
+		if (update_state)
+		{
+			iface->is_explicit = true;
+			lif_state_upsert(state, ifname, iface);
+		}
+
 		return true;
 	}
 
 	if (!up && iface->refcount == 0)
 	{
 		if (exec_opts.verbose)
-			fprintf(stderr, "%s: skipping auto interface %s (already deconfigured), use --force to force deconfiguration\n",
-				argv0, ifname);
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s: skipping %sinterface %s (already deconfigured), use --force to force deconfiguration\n",
+				argv0, iface->is_auto ? "auto " : "", ifname);
 		return true;
 	}
 
@@ -140,7 +147,7 @@ skip_interface(struct lif_interface *iface, const char *ifname)
 }
 
 bool
-change_interface(struct lif_interface *iface, struct lif_dict *collection, struct lif_dict *state, const char *ifname)
+change_interface(struct lif_interface *iface, struct lif_dict *collection, struct lif_dict *state, const char *ifname, bool update_state)
 {
 	int lockfd = acquire_state_lock(exec_opts.state_file, ifname);
 
@@ -150,7 +157,7 @@ change_interface(struct lif_interface *iface, struct lif_dict *collection, struc
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	if (skip_interface(iface, ifname))
+	if (skip_interface(iface, ifname, state, update_state))
 	{
 		if (lockfd != -1)
 			close(lockfd);
@@ -178,6 +185,12 @@ change_interface(struct lif_interface *iface, struct lif_dict *collection, struc
 	if (lockfd != -1)
 		close(lockfd);
 
+	if (up && update_state)
+	{
+		iface->is_explicit = true;
+		lif_state_upsert(state, ifname, iface);
+	}
+
 	return true;
 }
 
@@ -202,7 +215,7 @@ change_auto_interfaces(struct lif_dict *collection, struct lif_dict *state, stru
 		    fnmatch(opts->include_pattern, iface->ifname, 0))
 			continue;
 
-		if (!change_interface(iface, collection, state, iface->ifname))
+		if (!change_interface(iface, collection, state, iface->ifname, false))
 			return false;
 	}
 
@@ -307,7 +320,7 @@ ifupdown_main(int argc, char *argv[])
 			iface = entry->data;
 		}
 
-		if (!change_interface(iface, &collection, &state, ifname))
+		if (!change_interface(iface, &collection, &state, ifname, true))
 			return update_state_file_and_exit(EXIT_FAILURE, &state);
 	}
 
diff --git a/cmd/multicall.c b/cmd/multicall.c
index 705000f..582765c 100644
--- a/cmd/multicall.c
+++ b/cmd/multicall.c
@@ -66,6 +66,8 @@ applet_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
 
 void multicall_usage(int status) __attribute__((noreturn));
 
+struct if_applet ifupdown_applet;
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
@@ -85,9 +87,11 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	}
 
 	self_applet = *app;
-	process_options(*app, argc, argv);
 
-	return (*app)->main(argc, argv);
+	if (self_applet != &ifupdown_applet)
+		process_options(*app, argc, argv);
+
+	return self_applet->main(argc, argv);
 }
 
 int
@@ -99,8 +103,6 @@ multicall_main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	return main(argc - 1, argv + 1);
 }
 
-struct if_applet ifupdown_applet;
-
 void
 multicall_usage(int status)
 {
diff --git a/libifupdown/interface-file.c b/libifupdown/interface-file.c
index d2e88ac..5d94fc8 100644
--- a/libifupdown/interface-file.c
+++ b/libifupdown/interface-file.c
@@ -172,6 +172,9 @@ handle_auto(struct lif_interface_file_parse_state *state, char *token, char *buf
 	if (!state->cur_iface->is_template)
 		state->cur_iface->is_auto = true;
 
+	if (state->cur_iface->is_auto)
+		state->cur_iface->is_explicit = true;
+
 	return true;
 }
 
@@ -253,6 +256,12 @@ handle_iface(struct lif_interface_file_parse_state *state, char *token, char *bu
 		return true;
 	}
 
+	/* if we have a current interface, call lif_interface_finalize to finalize any
+	 * address properties by converting them to CIDR and flushing the netmask property.
+	 */
+	if (state->cur_iface != NULL)
+		lif_interface_finalize(state->cur_iface);
+
 	state->cur_iface = lif_interface_collection_find(state->collection, ifname);
 	if (state->cur_iface == NULL)
 	{
@@ -491,6 +500,11 @@ lif_interface_file_parse(struct lif_interface_file_parse_state *state, const cha
 	}
 
 	fclose(f);
+
+	/* finalize any open interface */
+	if (state->cur_iface != NULL)
+		lif_interface_finalize(state->cur_iface);
+
 	state->cur_filename = old_filename;
 	state->cur_lineno = old_lineno;
 	return true;
diff --git a/libifupdown/interface.c b/libifupdown/interface.c
index 532edba..0294383 100644
--- a/libifupdown/interface.c
+++ b/libifupdown/interface.c
@@ -84,6 +84,19 @@ count_set_bits(const char *netmask)
 	return r;
 }
 
+static inline size_t
+determine_interface_netmask(const struct lif_interface *iface, const struct lif_address *addr)
+{
+	/* if netmask is not set, default to /24 or /64, ifupdown does so too */
+	size_t netmask = addr->domain == AF_INET6 ? 64 : 24;
+
+	struct lif_dict_entry *entry = lif_dict_find(&iface->vars, "netmask");
+	if (entry != NULL)
+		netmask = count_set_bits(entry->data);
+
+	return netmask;
+}
+
 bool
 lif_address_format_cidr(const struct lif_interface *iface, struct lif_dict_entry *entry, char *buf, size_t buflen)
 {
@@ -91,14 +104,7 @@ lif_address_format_cidr(const struct lif_interface *iface, struct lif_dict_entry
 	size_t orig_netmask = addr->netmask;
 
 	if (!addr->netmask)
-	{
-		/* if netmask is not set, default to 255.255.255.0, ifupdown does so too */
-		addr->netmask = 24;
-
-		struct lif_dict_entry *entry = lif_dict_find(&iface->vars, "netmask");
-		if (entry != NULL)
-			addr->netmask = count_set_bits(entry->data);
-	}
+		addr->netmask = determine_interface_netmask(iface, addr);
 
 	if (!lif_address_unparse(addr, buf, buflen, true))
 	{
@@ -122,16 +128,6 @@ lif_interface_init(struct lif_interface *interface, const char *ifname)
 	/* keep the 'vlan' executor as a config hint for backwards compatibility */
 	if (strchr(ifname, '.') != NULL)
 		lif_interface_use_executor(interface, "vlan");
-
-	if (!lif_config.use_hostname_for_dhcp)
-		return;
-
-	/* learn a reasonable default hostname */
-	struct utsname un;
-	if (uname(&un) < 0)
-		return;
-
-	lif_dict_add(&interface->vars, "hostname", strdup(un.nodename));
 }
 
 bool
@@ -211,6 +207,46 @@ lif_interface_use_executor(struct lif_interface *interface, const char *executor
 		interface->is_bridge = true;
 	else if (!strcmp(executor, "bond"))
 		interface->is_bond = true;
+
+	if (strcmp(executor, "dhcp") || !lif_config.use_hostname_for_dhcp)
+		return;
+
+	/* learn a reasonable default hostname */
+	struct utsname un;
+	if (uname(&un) < 0)
+		return;
+
+	lif_dict_add(&interface->vars, "hostname", strdup(un.nodename));
+}
+
+void
+lif_interface_finalize(struct lif_interface *interface)
+{
+	struct lif_node *iter;
+
+	/* convert all addresses to CIDR notation. */
+	LIF_DICT_FOREACH(iter, &interface->vars)
+	{
+		struct lif_dict_entry *entry = iter->data;
+
+		if (strcmp(entry->key, "address"))
+			continue;
+
+		struct lif_address *addr = entry->data;
+
+		if (!addr->netmask)
+			addr->netmask = determine_interface_netmask(interface, addr);
+	}
+
+	/* with all addresses converted to CIDR, netmask property is no longer needed. */
+	struct lif_dict_entry *entry = lif_dict_find(&interface->vars, "netmask");
+
+	if (entry != NULL)
+	{
+		free(entry->data);
+
+		lif_dict_delete_entry(&interface->vars, entry);
+	}
 }
 
 void
@@ -223,6 +259,7 @@ lif_interface_collection_init(struct lif_dict *collection)
 	/* always enable loopback interface as part of a collection */
 	if_lo = lif_interface_collection_find(collection, "lo");
 	if_lo->is_auto = true;
+	if_lo->is_explicit = true;
 	lif_interface_use_executor(if_lo, "loopback");
 }
 
diff --git a/libifupdown/interface.h b/libifupdown/interface.h
index c86efdc..49c867d 100644
--- a/libifupdown/interface.h
+++ b/libifupdown/interface.h
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ struct lif_interface {
 	bool is_bond;
 	bool is_template;
 	bool is_pending;
+	bool is_explicit;
 
 	bool has_config_error;	/* error found in interface configuration */
 
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ extern bool lif_interface_address_add(struct lif_interface *interface, const cha
 extern void lif_interface_address_delete(struct lif_interface *interface, const char *address);
 extern void lif_interface_fini(struct lif_interface *interface);
 extern void lif_interface_use_executor(struct lif_interface *interface, const char *executor);
+extern void lif_interface_finalize(struct lif_interface *interface);
 
 extern void lif_interface_collection_init(struct lif_dict *collection);
 extern void lif_interface_collection_fini(struct lif_dict *collection);
diff --git a/libifupdown/lifecycle.c b/libifupdown/lifecycle.c
index c12bb38..056783f 100644
--- a/libifupdown/lifecycle.c
+++ b/libifupdown/lifecycle.c
@@ -396,6 +396,15 @@ handle_dependents(const struct lif_execute_opts *opts, struct lif_interface *par
 			continue;
 		}
 
+		if (!up && iface->is_explicit)
+		{
+			if (opts->verbose)
+				fprintf(stderr, "ifupdown: skipping dependent interface %s (of %s) -- interface is marked as explicitly configured\n",
+					iface->ifname, parent->ifname);
+
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		if (opts->verbose)
 			fprintf(stderr, "ifupdown: changing state of dependent interface %s (of %s) to %s\n",
 				iface->ifname, parent->ifname, up ? "up" : "down");
diff --git a/libifupdown/state.c b/libifupdown/state.c
index ed4f344..05701ce 100644
--- a/libifupdown/state.c
+++ b/libifupdown/state.c
@@ -29,8 +29,13 @@ lif_state_read(struct lif_dict *state, FILE *fd)
 		char *bufp = linebuf;
 		char *ifname = lif_next_token(&bufp);
 		char *refcount = lif_next_token(&bufp);
+		char *explicit = lif_next_token(&bufp);
 		size_t rc = 1;
 		char *equals_p = strchr(linebuf, '=');
+		bool is_explicit = false;
+
+		if (*explicit && !strcmp(explicit, "explicit"))
+			is_explicit = true;
 
 		if (*refcount)
 		{
@@ -42,12 +47,12 @@ lif_state_read(struct lif_dict *state, FILE *fd)
 
 		if (equals_p == NULL)
 		{
-			lif_state_upsert(state, ifname, &(struct lif_interface){ .ifname = ifname, .refcount = rc });
+			lif_state_upsert(state, ifname, &(struct lif_interface){ .ifname = ifname, .refcount = rc, .is_explicit = is_explicit });
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		*equals_p++ = '\0';
-		lif_state_upsert(state, ifname, &(struct lif_interface){ .ifname = equals_p, .refcount = rc });
+		lif_state_upsert(state, ifname, &(struct lif_interface){ .ifname = equals_p, .refcount = rc, .is_explicit = is_explicit });
 	}
 
 	return true;
@@ -99,6 +104,7 @@ lif_state_upsert(struct lif_dict *state, const char *ifname, struct lif_interfac
 
 	rec->mapped_if = strdup(iface->ifname);
 	rec->refcount = iface->refcount;
+	rec->is_explicit = iface->is_explicit;
 
 	lif_dict_add(state, ifname, rec);
 }
@@ -128,7 +134,8 @@ lif_state_write(const struct lif_dict *state, FILE *f)
 		struct lif_dict_entry *entry = iter->data;
 		struct lif_state_record *rec = entry->data;
 
-		fprintf(f, "%s=%s %zu\n", entry->key, rec->mapped_if, rec->refcount);
+		fprintf(f, "%s=%s %zu%s\n", entry->key, rec->mapped_if, rec->refcount,
+			rec->is_explicit ? " explicit" : "");
 	}
 }
 
@@ -175,6 +182,7 @@ lif_state_sync(struct lif_dict *state, struct lif_dict *if_collection)
 		struct lif_interface *iface = lif_interface_collection_find(if_collection, rec->mapped_if);
 
 		iface->refcount = rec->refcount;
+		iface->is_explicit = rec->is_explicit;
 	}
 
 	return true;
diff --git a/libifupdown/state.h b/libifupdown/state.h
index bec039c..ae2ba5c 100644
--- a/libifupdown/state.h
+++ b/libifupdown/state.h
@@ -17,11 +17,14 @@
 #define LIBIFUPDOWN_STATE_H__GUARD
 
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
 #include "libifupdown/interface.h"
 
 struct lif_state_record {
 	char *mapped_if;
 	size_t refcount;
+
+	bool is_explicit;
 };
 
 extern bool lif_state_read(struct lif_dict *state, FILE *f);
diff --git a/tests/Kyuafile b/tests/Kyuafile
index a7fb909..6a8019b 100644
--- a/tests/Kyuafile
+++ b/tests/Kyuafile
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ syntax(2)
 
 test_suite('ifupdown-ng')
 
+atf_test_program{name='multicall_test'}
 atf_test_program{name='ifquery_test'}
 atf_test_program{name='ifup_test'}
 atf_test_program{name='ifdown_test'}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/stanza-merging.interfaces b/tests/fixtures/stanza-merging.interfaces
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6327cbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/stanza-merging.interfaces
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# cidr and without-cidr should be equivalent
+iface cidr
+	address 203.0.113.1/32
+
+iface cidr
+	address 203.0.113.2/24
+
+iface without-cidr
+	address 203.0.113.1
+	netmask 32
+
+iface without-cidr
+	address 203.0.113.2
+	netmask 24
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/without-netmask.interfaces b/tests/fixtures/without-netmask.interfaces
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7537c67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/without-netmask.interfaces
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+iface v6
+	address 2001:470:1f10::1
+
+iface v4
+	address 203.0.113.2
diff --git a/tests/ifquery_test b/tests/ifquery_test
index e095255..d85cd27 100755
--- a/tests/ifquery_test
+++ b/tests/ifquery_test
@@ -34,7 +34,11 @@ tests_init \
 	vlan_explicit_learned_dependency \
 	vlan_guessed_learned_dependency \
 	vlan_complex_learned_dependency \
-	wireguard
+	wireguard \
+	default_netmask_v4 \
+	default_netmask_v6 \
+	stanza_merging_with_cidr \
+	stanza_merging_without_cidr
 
 noargs_body() {
 	atf_check -s exit:1 -e ignore ifquery -S/dev/null
@@ -226,3 +230,29 @@ wireguard_body() {
 		-o match:"use wireguard" \
 		ifquery -E $EXECUTORS_LINUX -i $FIXTURES/wireguard.interfaces wg0
 }
+
+default_netmask_v4_body() {
+	atf_check -s exit:0 \
+		-o match:"203.0.113.2/24" \
+		ifquery -i $FIXTURES/without-netmask.interfaces -p address v4
+}
+
+default_netmask_v6_body() {
+	atf_check -s exit:0 \
+		-o match:"2001:470:1f10::1/64" \
+		ifquery -i $FIXTURES/without-netmask.interfaces -p address v6
+}
+
+stanza_merging_with_cidr_body() {
+	atf_check -s exit:0 \
+		-o match:"203.0.113.1/32" \
+		-o match:"203.0.113.2/24" \
+		ifquery -i $FIXTURES/stanza-merging.interfaces -p address cidr
+}
+
+stanza_merging_without_cidr_body() {
+	atf_check -s exit:0 \
+		-o match:"203.0.113.1/32" \
+		-o match:"203.0.113.2/24" \
+		ifquery -i $FIXTURES/stanza-merging.interfaces -p address without-cidr
+}
diff --git a/tests/multicall_test b/tests/multicall_test
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..0b4c3ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/multicall_test
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env atf-sh
+
+. $(atf_get_srcdir)/test_env.sh
+
+tests_init \
+	regress_getopt
+
+regress_getopt_body() {
+	atf_check -e not-inline:'-F: applet not found' -o ignore -s exit:1 \
+		ifupdown ifquery -F
+}