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<h3 class="section">4.4 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the ARM family</h3>
<p><a name="index-ARM-interworking-support-584"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dsupport_002dold_002dcode-585"></a>For the ARM, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> will generate code stubs to allow functions calls
between ARM and Thumb code. These stubs only work with code that has
been compiled and assembled with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mthumb-interwork</span></samp>&rsquo; command
line option. If it is necessary to link with old ARM object files or
libraries, which have not been compiled with the -mthumb-interwork
option then the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--support-old-code</span></samp>&rsquo; command line switch should be
given to the linker. This will make it generate larger stub functions
which will work with non-interworking aware ARM code. Note, however,
the linker does not support generating stubs for function calls to
non-interworking aware Thumb code.
<p><a name="index-thumb-entry-point-586"></a><a name="index-entry-point_002c-thumb-587"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dthumb_002dentry_003d_0040var_007bentry_007d-588"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--thumb-entry</span></samp>&rsquo; switch is a duplicate of the generic
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--entry</span></samp>&rsquo; switch, in that it sets the program's starting address.
But it also sets the bottom bit of the address, so that it can be
branched to using a BX instruction, and the program will start
executing in Thumb mode straight away.
<p><a name="index-PE-import-table-prefixing-589"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002duse_002dnul_002dprefixed_002dimport_002dtables-590"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--use-nul-prefixed-import-tables</span></samp>&rsquo; switch is specifying, that
the import tables idata4 and idata5 have to be generated with a zero
elememt prefix for import libraries. This is the old style to generate
import tables. By default this option is turned off.
<p><a name="index-BE8-591"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dbe8-592"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--be8</span></samp>&rsquo; switch instructs <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> to generate BE8 format
executables. This option is only valid when linking big-endian objects.
The resulting image will contain big-endian data and little-endian code.
<p><a name="index-TARGET1-593"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dtarget1_002drel-594"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dtarget1_002dabs-595"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">R_ARM_TARGET1</span></samp>&rsquo; relocation is typically used for entries in the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.init_array</span></samp>&rsquo; section. It is interpreted as either &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">R_ARM_REL32</span></samp>&rsquo;
or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">R_ARM_ABS32</span></samp>&rsquo;, depending on the target. The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--target1-rel</span></samp>&rsquo;
and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--target1-abs</span></samp>&rsquo; switches override the default.
<p><a name="index-TARGET2-596"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dtarget2_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-597"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--target2=type</span></samp>&rsquo; switch overrides the default definition of the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">R_ARM_TARGET2</span></samp>&rsquo; relocation. Valid values for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">type</span></samp>&rsquo;, their
meanings, and target defaults are as follows:
<dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">rel</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">R_ARM_REL32</span></samp>&rsquo; (arm*-*-elf, arm*-*-eabi)
<br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">abs</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">R_ARM_ABS32</span></samp>&rsquo; (arm*-*-symbianelf)
<br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">got-rel</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">R_ARM_GOT_PREL</span></samp>&rsquo; (arm*-*-linux, arm*-*-*bsd)
</dl>
<p><a name="index-FIX_005fV4BX-598"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dfix_002dv4bx-599"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">R_ARM_V4BX</span></samp>&rsquo; relocation (defined by the ARM AAELF
specification) enables objects compiled for the ARMv4 architecture to be
interworking-safe when linked with other objects compiled for ARMv4t, but
also allows pure ARMv4 binaries to be built from the same ARMv4 objects.
<p>In the latter case, the switch <samp><span class="option">--fix-v4bx</span></samp> must be passed to the
linker, which causes v4t <code>BX rM</code> instructions to be rewritten as
<code>MOV PC,rM</code>, since v4 processors do not have a <code>BX</code> instruction.
<p>In the former case, the switch should not be used, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">R_ARM_V4BX</span></samp>&rsquo;
relocations are ignored.
<p><a name="index-FIX_005fV4BX_005fINTERWORKING-600"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dfix_002dv4bx_002dinterworking-601"></a>Replace <code>BX rM</code> instructions identified by &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">R_ARM_V4BX</span></samp>&rsquo;
relocations with a branch to the following veneer:
<pre class="smallexample"> TST rM, #1
MOVEQ PC, rM
BX Rn
</pre>
<p>This allows generation of libraries/applications that work on ARMv4 cores
and are still interworking safe. Note that the above veneer clobbers the
condition flags, so may cause incorrect progrm behavior in rare cases.
<p><a name="index-USE_005fBLX-602"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002duse_002dblx-603"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--use-blx</span></samp>&rsquo; switch enables the linker to use ARM/Thumb
BLX instructions (available on ARMv5t and above) in various
situations. Currently it is used to perform calls via the PLT from Thumb
code using BLX rather than using BX and a mode-switching stub before
each PLT entry. This should lead to such calls executing slightly faster.
<p>This option is enabled implicitly for SymbianOS, so there is no need to
specify it if you are using that target.
<p><a name="index-VFP11_005fDENORM_005fFIX-604"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dvfp11_002ddenorm_002dfix-605"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--vfp11-denorm-fix</span></samp>&rsquo; switch enables a link-time workaround for a
bug in certain VFP11 coprocessor hardware, which sometimes allows
instructions with denorm operands (which must be handled by support code)
to have those operands overwritten by subsequent instructions before
the support code can read the intended values.
<p>The bug may be avoided in scalar mode if you allow at least one
intervening instruction between a VFP11 instruction which uses a register
and another instruction which writes to the same register, or at least two
intervening instructions if vector mode is in use. The bug only affects
full-compliance floating-point mode: you do not need this workaround if
you are using "runfast" mode. Please contact ARM for further details.
<p>If you know you are using buggy VFP11 hardware, you can
enable this workaround by specifying the linker option
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--vfp-denorm-fix=scalar</span></samp>&rsquo; if you are using the VFP11 scalar
mode only, or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--vfp-denorm-fix=vector</span></samp>&rsquo; if you are using
vector mode (the latter also works for scalar code). The default is
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--vfp-denorm-fix=none</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>If the workaround is enabled, instructions are scanned for
potentially-troublesome sequences, and a veneer is created for each
such sequence which may trigger the erratum. The veneer consists of the
first instruction of the sequence and a branch back to the subsequent
instruction. The original instruction is then replaced with a branch to
the veneer. The extra cycles required to call and return from the veneer
are sufficient to avoid the erratum in both the scalar and vector cases.
<p><a name="index-ARM1176-erratum-workaround-606"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dfix_002darm1176-607"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dfix_002darm1176-608"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--fix-arm1176</span></samp>&rsquo; switch enables a link-time workaround for an erratum
in certain ARM1176 processors. The workaround is enabled by default if you
are targetting ARM v6 (excluding ARM v6T2) or earlier. It can be disabled
unconditionally by specifying &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--no-fix-arm1176</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>Further information is available in the &ldquo;ARM1176JZ-S and ARM1176JZF-S
Programmer Advice Notice&rdquo; available on the ARM documentaion website at:
http://infocenter.arm.com/.
<p><a name="index-NO_005fENUM_005fSIZE_005fWARNING-609"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002denum_002dsize_002dwarning-610"></a>The <samp><span class="option">--no-enum-size-warning</span></samp> switch prevents the linker from
warning when linking object files that specify incompatible EABI
enumeration size attributes. For example, with this switch enabled,
linking of an object file using 32-bit enumeration values with another
using enumeration values fitted into the smallest possible space will
not be diagnosed.
<p><a name="index-NO_005fWCHAR_005fSIZE_005fWARNING-611"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dwchar_002dsize_002dwarning-612"></a>The <samp><span class="option">--no-wchar-size-warning</span></samp> switch prevents the linker from
warning when linking object files that specify incompatible EABI
<code>wchar_t</code> size attributes. For example, with this switch enabled,
linking of an object file using 32-bit <code>wchar_t</code> values with another
using 16-bit <code>wchar_t</code> values will not be diagnosed.
<p><a name="index-PIC_005fVENEER-613"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dpic_002dveneer-614"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--pic-veneer</span></samp>&rsquo; switch makes the linker use PIC sequences for
ARM/Thumb interworking veneers, even if the rest of the binary
is not PIC. This avoids problems on uClinux targets where
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--emit-relocs</span></samp>&rsquo; is used to generate relocatable binaries.
<p><a name="index-STUB_005fGROUP_005fSIZE-615"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dstub_002dgroup_002dsize_003d_0040var_007bN_007d-616"></a>The linker will automatically generate and insert small sequences of
code into a linked ARM ELF executable whenever an attempt is made to
perform a function call to a symbol that is too far away. The
placement of these sequences of instructions - called stubs - is
controlled by the command line option <samp><span class="option">--stub-group-size=N</span></samp>.
The placement is important because a poor choice can create a need for
duplicate stubs, increasing the code sizw. The linker will try to
group stubs together in order to reduce interruptions to the flow of
code, but it needs guidance as to how big these groups should be and
where they should be placed.
<p>The value of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">N</span></samp>&rsquo;, the parameter to the
<samp><span class="option">--stub-group-size=</span></samp> option controls where the stub groups are
placed. If it is negative then all stubs are placed after the first
branch that needs them. If it is positive then the stubs can be
placed either before or after the branches that need them. If the
value of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">N</span></samp>&rsquo; is 1 (either +1 or -1) then the linker will choose
exactly where to place groups of stubs, using its built in heuristics.
A value of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">N</span></samp>&rsquo; greater than 1 (or smaller than -1) tells the
linker that a single group of stubs can service at most &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">N</span></samp>&rsquo; bytes
from the input sections.
<p>The default, if <samp><span class="option">--stub-group-size=</span></samp> is not specified, is
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">N = +1</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>Farcalls stubs insertion is fully supported for the ARM-EABI target
only, because it relies on object files properties not present
otherwise.
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<h3 class="section">3.5 Assigning Values to Symbols</h3>
<p><a name="index-assignment-in-scripts-393"></a><a name="index-symbol-definition_002c-scripts-394"></a><a name="index-variables_002c-defining-395"></a>You may assign a value to a symbol in a linker script. This will define
the symbol and place it into the symbol table with a global scope.
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<h4 class="subsection">5.1.1 Information Loss</h4>
<p><em>Information can be lost during output.</em> The output formats
supported by BFD do not provide identical facilities, and
information which can be described in one form has nowhere to go in
another format. One example of this is alignment information in
<code>b.out</code>. There is nowhere in an <code>a.out</code> format file to store
alignment information on the contained data, so when a file is linked
from <code>b.out</code> and an <code>a.out</code> image is produced, alignment
information will not propagate to the output file. (The linker will
still use the alignment information internally, so the link is performed
correctly).
<p>Another example is COFF section names. COFF files may contain an
unlimited number of sections, each one with a textual section name. If
the target of the link is a format which does not have many sections (e.g.,
<code>a.out</code>) or has sections without names (e.g., the Oasys format), the
link cannot be done simply. You can circumvent this problem by
describing the desired input-to-output section mapping with the linker command
language.
<p><em>Information can be lost during canonicalization.</em> The BFD
internal canonical form of the external formats is not exhaustive; there
are structures in input formats for which there is no direct
representation internally. This means that the BFD back ends
cannot maintain all possible data richness through the transformation
between external to internal and back to external formats.
<p>This limitation is only a problem when an application reads one
format and writes another. Each BFD back end is responsible for
maintaining as much data as possible, and the internal BFD
canonical form has structures which are opaque to the BFD core,
and exported only to the back ends. When a file is read in one format,
the canonical form is generated for BFD and the application. At the
same time, the back end saves away any information which may otherwise
be lost. If the data is then written back in the same format, the back
end routine will be able to use the canonical form provided by the
BFD core as well as the information it prepared earlier. Since
there is a great deal of commonality between back ends,
there is no information lost when
linking or copying big endian COFF to little endian COFF, or <code>a.out</code> to
<code>b.out</code>. When a mixture of formats is linked, the information is
only lost from the files whose format differs from the destination.
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<h3 class="section">5.1 How It Works: An Outline of BFD</h3>
<p><a name="index-opening-object-files-703"></a><!-- This summary of BFD is shared by the BFD and LD docs. -->
When an object file is opened, BFD subroutines automatically determine
the format of the input object file. They then build a descriptor in
memory with pointers to routines that will be used to access elements of
the object file's data structures.
<p>As different information from the object files is required,
BFD reads from different sections of the file and processes them.
For example, a very common operation for the linker is processing symbol
tables. Each BFD back end provides a routine for converting
between the object file's representation of symbols and an internal
canonical format. When the linker asks for the symbol table of an object
file, it calls through a memory pointer to the routine from the
relevant BFD back end which reads and converts the table into a canonical
form. The linker then operates upon the canonical form. When the link is
finished and the linker writes the output file's symbol table,
another BFD back end routine is called to take the newly
created symbol table and convert it into the chosen output format.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="BFD-information-loss.html#BFD-information-loss">BFD information loss</a>: Information Loss
<li><a accesskey="2" href="Canonical-format.html#Canonical-format">Canonical format</a>: The BFD canonical object-file format
</ul>
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Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Machine-Dependent.html#Machine-Dependent">Machine Dependent</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="index.html#Top">Top</a>
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<h2 class="chapter">5 BFD</h2>
<p><a name="index-back-end-697"></a><a name="index-object-file-management-698"></a><a name="index-object-formats-available-699"></a><a name="index-objdump-_002di-700"></a>The linker accesses object and archive files using the BFD libraries.
These libraries allow the linker to use the same routines to operate on
object files whatever the object file format. A different object file
format can be supported simply by creating a new BFD back end and adding
it to the library. To conserve runtime memory, however, the linker and
associated tools are usually configured to support only a subset of the
object file formats available. You can use <code>objdump -i</code>
(see <a href="../binutils/objdump.html#objdump">objdump</a>) to
list all the formats available for your configuration.
<p><a name="index-BFD-requirements-701"></a><a name="index-requirements-for-BFD-702"></a>As with most implementations, BFD is a compromise between
several conflicting requirements. The major factor influencing
BFD design was efficiency: any time used converting between
formats is time which would not have been spent had BFD not
been involved. This is partly offset by abstraction payback; since
BFD simplifies applications and back ends, more time and care
may be spent optimizing algorithms for a greater speed.
<p>One minor artifact of the BFD solution which you should bear in
mind is the potential for information loss. There are two places where
useful information can be lost using the BFD mechanism: during
conversion and during output. See <a href="BFD-information-loss.html#BFD-information-loss">BFD information loss</a>.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="BFD-outline.html#BFD-outline">BFD outline</a>: How it works: an outline of BFD
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Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Script-Format.html#Script-Format">Script Format</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Scripts.html#Scripts">Scripts</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h3 class="section">3.1 Basic Linker Script Concepts</h3>
<p><a name="index-linker-script-concepts-343"></a>We need to define some basic concepts and vocabulary in order to
describe the linker script language.
<p>The linker combines input files into a single output file. The output
file and each input file are in a special data format known as an
<dfn>object file format</dfn>. Each file is called an <dfn>object file</dfn>.
The output file is often called an <dfn>executable</dfn>, but for our
purposes we will also call it an object file. Each object file has,
among other things, a list of <dfn>sections</dfn>. We sometimes refer to a
section in an input file as an <dfn>input section</dfn>; similarly, a section
in the output file is an <dfn>output section</dfn>.
<p>Each section in an object file has a name and a size. Most sections
also have an associated block of data, known as the <dfn>section
contents</dfn>. A section may be marked as <dfn>loadable</dfn>, which mean that
the contents should be loaded into memory when the output file is run.
A section with no contents may be <dfn>allocatable</dfn>, which means that an
area in memory should be set aside, but nothing in particular should be
loaded there (in some cases this memory must be zeroed out). A section
which is neither loadable nor allocatable typically contains some sort
of debugging information.
<p>Every loadable or allocatable output section has two addresses. The
first is the <dfn>VMA</dfn>, or virtual memory address. This is the address
the section will have when the output file is run. The second is the
<dfn>LMA</dfn>, or load memory address. This is the address at which the
section will be loaded. In most cases the two addresses will be the
same. An example of when they might be different is when a data section
is loaded into ROM, and then copied into RAM when the program starts up
(this technique is often used to initialize global variables in a ROM
based system). In this case the ROM address would be the LMA, and the
RAM address would be the VMA.
<p>You can see the sections in an object file by using the <code>objdump</code>
program with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-h</span></samp>&rsquo; option.
<p>Every object file also has a list of <dfn>symbols</dfn>, known as the
<dfn>symbol table</dfn>. A symbol may be defined or undefined. Each symbol
has a name, and each defined symbol has an address, among other
information. If you compile a C or C++ program into an object file, you
will get a defined symbol for every defined function and global or
static variable. Every undefined function or global variable which is
referenced in the input file will become an undefined symbol.
<p>You can see the symbols in an object file by using the <code>nm</code>
program, or by using the <code>objdump</code> program with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-t</span></samp>&rsquo;
option.
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Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Bug-Reporting.html#Bug-Reporting">Bug Reporting</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Reporting-Bugs.html#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h3 class="section">6.1 Have You Found a Bug?</h3>
<p><a name="index-bug-criteria-708"></a>
If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some guidelines:
<a name="index-fatal-signal-709"></a>
<a name="index-linker-crash-710"></a>
<a name="index-crash-of-linker-711"></a>
<ul><li>If the linker gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that is a
<samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> bug. Reliable linkers never crash.
<p><a name="index-error-on-valid-input-712"></a><li>If <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> produces an error message for valid input, that is a bug.
<p><a name="index-invalid-input-713"></a><li>If <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> does not produce an error message for invalid input, that
may be a bug. In the general case, the linker can not verify that
object files are correct.
<li>If you are an experienced user of linkers, your suggestions for
improvement of <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> are welcome in any case.
</ul>
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Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Reporting-Bugs.html#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h3 class="section">6.2 How to Report Bugs</h3>
<p><a name="index-bug-reports-714"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040command_007bld_007d-bugs_002c-reporting-715"></a>
A number of companies and individuals offer support for <span class="sc">gnu</span>
products. If you obtained <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> from a support organization, we
recommend you contact that organization first.
<p>You can find contact information for many support companies and
individuals in the file <samp><span class="file">etc/SERVICE</span></samp> in the <span class="sc">gnu</span> Emacs
distribution.
<p>Otherwise, send bug reports for <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> to
<a href="http://www.sourceware.org/bugzilla/">http://www.sourceware.org/bugzilla/</a>.
<p>The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this:
<strong>report all the facts</strong>. If you are not sure whether to state a
fact or leave it out, state it!
<p>Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the
problem and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might
assume that the name of a symbol you use in an example does not
matter. Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps
the bug is a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the
location where that name is stored in memory; perhaps, if the name
were different, the contents of that location would fool the linker
into doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a
specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do,
and the most helpful.
<p>Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix
the bug if it is new to us. Therefore, always write your bug reports
on the assumption that the bug has not been reported previously.
<p>Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, &ldquo;Does this ring a
bell?&rdquo; This cannot help us fix a bug, so it is basically useless. We
respond by asking for enough details to enable us to investigate.
You might as well expedite matters by sending them to begin with.
<p>To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things:
<ul>
<li>The version of <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp>. <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> announces it if you start it with
the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo; argument.
<p>Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for
the bug in the current version of <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp>.
<li>Any patches you may have applied to the <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> source, including any
patches made to the <code>BFD</code> library.
<li>The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and
version number.
<li>What compiler (and its version) was used to compile <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp>&mdash;e.g.
&ldquo;<code>gcc-2.7</code>&rdquo;.
<li>The command arguments you gave the linker to link your example and
observe the bug. To guarantee you will not omit something important,
list them all. A copy of the Makefile (or the output from make) is
sufficient.
<p>If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong
and then we might not encounter the bug.
<li>A complete input file, or set of input files, that will reproduce the
bug. It is generally most helpful to send the actual object files
provided that they are reasonably small. Say no more than 10K. For
bigger files you can either make them available by FTP or HTTP or else
state that you are willing to send the object file(s) to whomever
requests them. (Note - your email will be going to a mailing list, so
we do not want to clog it up with large attachments). But small
attachments are best.
<p>If the source files were assembled using <code>gas</code> or compiled using
<code>gcc</code>, then it may be OK to send the source files rather than the
object files. In this case, be sure to say exactly what version of
<code>gas</code> or <code>gcc</code> was used to produce the object files. Also say
how <code>gas</code> or <code>gcc</code> were configured.
<li>A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is
incorrect. For example, &ldquo;It gets a fatal signal.&rdquo;
<p>Of course, if the bug is that <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> gets a fatal signal, then we
will certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect output, we might
not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. You might as well not give us
a chance to make a mistake.
<p>Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still
say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as, your
copy of <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> is out of sync, or you have encountered a bug in the
C library on your system. (This has happened!) Your copy might crash
and ours would not. If you told us to expect a crash, then when ours
fails to crash, we would know that the bug was not happening for us. If
you had not told us to expect a crash, then we would not be able to draw
any conclusion from our observations.
<li>If you wish to suggest changes to the <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> source, send us context
diffs, as generated by <code>diff</code> with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-u</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-c</span></samp>&rsquo;, or
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-p</span></samp>&rsquo; option. Always send diffs from the old file to the new file.
If you even discuss something in the <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> source, refer to it by
context, not by line number.
<p>The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your
sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us.
</ul>
<p>Here are some things that are not necessary:
<ul>
<li>A description of the envelope of the bug.
<p>Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating
which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which
changes will not affect it.
<p>This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we
will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger
with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples.
We recommend that you save your time for something else.
<p>Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report <em>instead</em>
of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the
output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take
less time, and so on.
<p>However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this,
report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used.
<li>A patch for the bug.
<p>A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not omit
the necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that
a patch is all we need. We might see problems with your patch and decide
to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all.
<p>Sometimes with a program as complicated as <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> it is very hard to
construct an example that will make the program follow a certain path
through the code. If you do not send us the example, we will not be
able to construct one, so we will not be able to verify that the bug is
fixed.
<p>And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your
patch should be an improvement, we will not install it. A test case will
help us to understand.
<li>A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on.
<p>Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about such
things without first using the debugger to find the facts.
</ul>
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Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Expression-Section.html#Expression-Section">Expression Section</a>,
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<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.10.9 Builtin Functions</h4>
<p><a name="index-functions-in-expressions-533"></a>The linker script language includes a number of builtin functions for
use in linker script expressions.
<dl>
<dt><code>ABSOLUTE(</code><var>exp</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-ABSOLUTE_0028_0040var_007bexp_007d_0029-534"></a><a name="index-expression_002c-absolute-535"></a>Return the absolute (non-relocatable, as opposed to non-negative) value
of the expression <var>exp</var>. Primarily useful to assign an absolute
value to a symbol within a section definition, where symbol values are
normally section relative. See <a href="Expression-Section.html#Expression-Section">Expression Section</a>.
<br><dt><code>ADDR(</code><var>section</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-ADDR_0028_0040var_007bsection_007d_0029-536"></a><a name="index-section-address-in-expression-537"></a>Return the address (VMA) of the named <var>section</var>. Your
script must previously have defined the location of that section. In
the following example, <code>start_of_output_1</code>, <code>symbol_1</code> and
<code>symbol_2</code> are assigned equivalent values, except that
<code>symbol_1</code> will be relative to the <code>.output1</code> section while
the other two will be absolute:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS { ...
.output1 :
{
start_of_output_1 = ABSOLUTE(.);
...
}
.output :
{
symbol_1 = ADDR(.output1);
symbol_2 = start_of_output_1;
}
... }
</pre>
<br><dt><code>ALIGN(</code><var>align</var><code>)</code><dt><code>ALIGN(</code><var>exp</var><code>,</code><var>align</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-ALIGN_0028_0040var_007balign_007d_0029-538"></a><a name="index-ALIGN_0028_0040var_007bexp_007d_002c_0040var_007balign_007d_0029-539"></a><a name="index-round-up-location-counter-540"></a><a name="index-align-location-counter-541"></a><a name="index-round-up-expression-542"></a><a name="index-align-expression-543"></a>Return the location counter (<code>.</code>) or arbitrary expression aligned
to the next <var>align</var> boundary. The single operand <code>ALIGN</code>
doesn't change the value of the location counter&mdash;it just does
arithmetic on it. The two operand <code>ALIGN</code> allows an arbitrary
expression to be aligned upwards (<code>ALIGN(</code><var>align</var><code>)</code> is
equivalent to <code>ALIGN(., </code><var>align</var><code>)</code>).
<p>Here is an example which aligns the output <code>.data</code> section to the
next <code>0x2000</code> byte boundary after the preceding section and sets a
variable within the section to the next <code>0x8000</code> boundary after the
input sections:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS { ...
.data ALIGN(0x2000): {
*(.data)
variable = ALIGN(0x8000);
}
... }
</pre>
<p class="noindent">The first use of <code>ALIGN</code> in this example specifies the location of
a section because it is used as the optional <var>address</var> attribute of
a section definition (see <a href="Output-Section-Address.html#Output-Section-Address">Output Section Address</a>). The second use
of <code>ALIGN</code> is used to defines the value of a symbol.
<p>The builtin function <code>NEXT</code> is closely related to <code>ALIGN</code>.
<br><dt><code>ALIGNOF(</code><var>section</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-ALIGNOF_0028_0040var_007bsection_007d_0029-544"></a><a name="index-section-alignment-545"></a>Return the alignment in bytes of the named <var>section</var>, if that section has
been allocated. If the section has not been allocated when this is
evaluated, the linker will report an error. In the following example,
the alignment of the <code>.output</code> section is stored as the first
value in that section.
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS{ ...
.output {
LONG (ALIGNOF (.output))
...
}
... }
</pre>
<br><dt><code>BLOCK(</code><var>exp</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-BLOCK_0028_0040var_007bexp_007d_0029-546"></a>This is a synonym for <code>ALIGN</code>, for compatibility with older linker
scripts. It is most often seen when setting the address of an output
section.
<br><dt><code>DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN(</code><var>maxpagesize</var><code>, </code><var>commonpagesize</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-DATA_005fSEGMENT_005fALIGN_0028_0040var_007bmaxpagesize_007d_002c-_0040var_007bcommonpagesize_007d_0029-547"></a>This is equivalent to either
<pre class="smallexample"> (ALIGN(<var>maxpagesize</var>) + (. &amp; (<var>maxpagesize</var> - 1)))
</pre>
<p>or
<pre class="smallexample"> (ALIGN(<var>maxpagesize</var>) + (. &amp; (<var>maxpagesize</var> - <var>commonpagesize</var>)))
</pre>
<p class="noindent">depending on whether the latter uses fewer <var>commonpagesize</var> sized pages
for the data segment (area between the result of this expression and
<code>DATA_SEGMENT_END</code>) than the former or not.
If the latter form is used, it means <var>commonpagesize</var> bytes of runtime
memory will be saved at the expense of up to <var>commonpagesize</var> wasted
bytes in the on-disk file.
<p>This expression can only be used directly in <code>SECTIONS</code> commands, not in
any output section descriptions and only once in the linker script.
<var>commonpagesize</var> should be less or equal to <var>maxpagesize</var> and should
be the system page size the object wants to be optimized for (while still
working on system page sizes up to <var>maxpagesize</var>).
<p class="noindent">Example:
<pre class="smallexample"> . = DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN(0x10000, 0x2000);
</pre>
<br><dt><code>DATA_SEGMENT_END(</code><var>exp</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-DATA_005fSEGMENT_005fEND_0028_0040var_007bexp_007d_0029-548"></a>This defines the end of data segment for <code>DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN</code>
evaluation purposes.
<pre class="smallexample"> . = DATA_SEGMENT_END(.);
</pre>
<br><dt><code>DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END(</code><var>offset</var><code>, </code><var>exp</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-DATA_005fSEGMENT_005fRELRO_005fEND_0028_0040var_007boffset_007d_002c-_0040var_007bexp_007d_0029-549"></a>This defines the end of the <code>PT_GNU_RELRO</code> segment when
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-z relro</span></samp>&rsquo; option is used. Second argument is returned.
When &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-z relro</span></samp>&rsquo; option is not present, <code>DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END</code>
does nothing, otherwise <code>DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN</code> is padded so that
<var>exp</var> + <var>offset</var> is aligned to the most commonly used page
boundary for particular target. If present in the linker script,
it must always come in between <code>DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN</code> and
<code>DATA_SEGMENT_END</code>.
<pre class="smallexample"> . = DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END(24, .);
</pre>
<br><dt><code>DEFINED(</code><var>symbol</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-DEFINED_0028_0040var_007bsymbol_007d_0029-550"></a><a name="index-symbol-defaults-551"></a>Return 1 if <var>symbol</var> is in the linker global symbol table and is
defined before the statement using DEFINED in the script, otherwise
return 0. You can use this function to provide
default values for symbols. For example, the following script fragment
shows how to set a global symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">begin</span></samp>&rsquo; to the first location in
the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; section&mdash;but if a symbol called &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">begin</span></samp>&rsquo; already
existed, its value is preserved:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS { ...
.text : {
begin = DEFINED(begin) ? begin : . ;
...
}
...
}
</pre>
<br><dt><code>LENGTH(</code><var>memory</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-LENGTH_0028_0040var_007bmemory_007d_0029-552"></a>Return the length of the memory region named <var>memory</var>.
<br><dt><code>LOADADDR(</code><var>section</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-LOADADDR_0028_0040var_007bsection_007d_0029-553"></a><a name="index-section-load-address-in-expression-554"></a>Return the absolute LMA of the named <var>section</var>. (see <a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#Output-Section-LMA">Output Section LMA</a>).
<p><a name="index-MAX-555"></a><br><dt><code>MAX(</code><var>exp1</var><code>, </code><var>exp2</var><code>)</code><dd>Returns the maximum of <var>exp1</var> and <var>exp2</var>.
<p><a name="index-MIN-556"></a><br><dt><code>MIN(</code><var>exp1</var><code>, </code><var>exp2</var><code>)</code><dd>Returns the minimum of <var>exp1</var> and <var>exp2</var>.
<br><dt><code>NEXT(</code><var>exp</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-NEXT_0028_0040var_007bexp_007d_0029-557"></a><a name="index-unallocated-address_002c-next-558"></a>Return the next unallocated address that is a multiple of <var>exp</var>.
This function is closely related to <code>ALIGN(</code><var>exp</var><code>)</code>; unless you
use the <code>MEMORY</code> command to define discontinuous memory for the
output file, the two functions are equivalent.
<br><dt><code>ORIGIN(</code><var>memory</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-ORIGIN_0028_0040var_007bmemory_007d_0029-559"></a>Return the origin of the memory region named <var>memory</var>.
<br><dt><code>SEGMENT_START(</code><var>segment</var><code>, </code><var>default</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-SEGMENT_005fSTART_0028_0040var_007bsegment_007d_002c-_0040var_007bdefault_007d_0029-560"></a>Return the base address of the named <var>segment</var>. If an explicit
value has been given for this segment (with a command-line &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>&rsquo;
option) that value will be returned; otherwise the value will be
<var>default</var>. At present, the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>&rsquo; command-line option can only
be used to set the base address for the &ldquo;text&rdquo;, &ldquo;data&rdquo;, and
&ldquo;bss&rdquo; sections, but you can use <code>SEGMENT_START</code> with any segment
name.
<br><dt><code>SIZEOF(</code><var>section</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-SIZEOF_0028_0040var_007bsection_007d_0029-561"></a><a name="index-section-size-562"></a>Return the size in bytes of the named <var>section</var>, if that section has
been allocated. If the section has not been allocated when this is
evaluated, the linker will report an error. In the following example,
<code>symbol_1</code> and <code>symbol_2</code> are assigned identical values:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS{ ...
.output {
.start = . ;
...
.end = . ;
}
symbol_1 = .end - .start ;
symbol_2 = SIZEOF(.output);
... }
</pre>
<br><dt><code>SIZEOF_HEADERS</code><dt><code>sizeof_headers</code><dd><a name="index-SIZEOF_005fHEADERS-563"></a><a name="index-header-size-564"></a>Return the size in bytes of the output file's headers. This is
information which appears at the start of the output file. You can use
this number when setting the start address of the first section, if you
choose, to facilitate paging.
<p><a name="index-not-enough-room-for-program-headers-565"></a><a name="index-program-headers_002c-not-enough-room-566"></a>When producing an ELF output file, if the linker script uses the
<code>SIZEOF_HEADERS</code> builtin function, the linker must compute the
number of program headers before it has determined all the section
addresses and sizes. If the linker later discovers that it needs
additional program headers, it will report an error &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">not enough
room for program headers</span></samp>&rsquo;. To avoid this error, you must avoid using
the <code>SIZEOF_HEADERS</code> function, or you must rework your linker
script to avoid forcing the linker to use additional program headers, or
you must define the program headers yourself using the <code>PHDRS</code>
command (see <a href="PHDRS.html#PHDRS">PHDRS</a>).
</dl>
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<a name="Canonical-format"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="BFD-information-loss.html#BFD-information-loss">BFD information loss</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="BFD-outline.html#BFD-outline">BFD outline</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">5.1.2 The BFD canonical object-file format</h4>
<p>The greatest potential for loss of information occurs when there is the least
overlap between the information provided by the source format, that
stored by the canonical format, and that needed by the
destination format. A brief description of the canonical form may help
you understand which kinds of data you can count on preserving across
conversions.
<a name="index-BFD-canonical-format-704"></a><a name="index-internal-object_002dfile-format-705"></a>
<dl>
<dt><em>files</em><dd>Information stored on a per-file basis includes target machine
architecture, particular implementation format type, a demand pageable
bit, and a write protected bit. Information like Unix magic numbers is
not stored here&mdash;only the magic numbers' meaning, so a <code>ZMAGIC</code>
file would have both the demand pageable bit and the write protected
text bit set. The byte order of the target is stored on a per-file
basis, so that big- and little-endian object files may be used with one
another.
<br><dt><em>sections</em><dd>Each section in the input file contains the name of the section, the
section's original address in the object file, size and alignment
information, various flags, and pointers into other BFD data
structures.
<br><dt><em>symbols</em><dd>Each symbol contains a pointer to the information for the object file
which originally defined it, its name, its value, and various flag
bits. When a BFD back end reads in a symbol table, it relocates all
symbols to make them relative to the base of the section where they were
defined. Doing this ensures that each symbol points to its containing
section. Each symbol also has a varying amount of hidden private data
for the BFD back end. Since the symbol points to the original file, the
private data format for that symbol is accessible. <code>ld</code> can
operate on a collection of symbols of wildly different formats without
problems.
<p>Normal global and simple local symbols are maintained on output, so an
output file (no matter its format) will retain symbols pointing to
functions and to global, static, and common variables. Some symbol
information is not worth retaining; in <code>a.out</code>, type information is
stored in the symbol table as long symbol names. This information would
be useless to most COFF debuggers; the linker has command line switches
to allow users to throw it away.
<p>There is one word of type information within the symbol, so if the
format supports symbol type information within symbols (for example, COFF,
IEEE, Oasys) and the type is simple enough to fit within one word
(nearly everything but aggregates), the information will be preserved.
<br><dt><em>relocation level</em><dd>Each canonical BFD relocation record contains a pointer to the symbol to
relocate to, the offset of the data to relocate, the section the data
is in, and a pointer to a relocation type descriptor. Relocation is
performed by passing messages through the relocation type
descriptor and the symbol pointer. Therefore, relocations can be performed
on output data using a relocation method that is only available in one of the
input formats. For instance, Oasys provides a byte relocation format.
A relocation record requesting this relocation type would point
indirectly to a routine to perform this, so the relocation may be
performed on a byte being written to a 68k COFF file, even though 68k COFF
has no such relocation type.
<br><dt><em>line numbers</em><dd>Object formats can contain, for debugging purposes, some form of mapping
between symbols, source line numbers, and addresses in the output file.
These addresses have to be relocated along with the symbol information.
Each symbol with an associated list of line number records points to the
first record of the list. The head of a line number list consists of a
pointer to the symbol, which allows finding out the address of the
function whose line number is being described. The rest of the list is
made up of pairs: offsets into the section and line numbers. Any format
which can simply derive this information can pass it successfully
between formats (COFF, IEEE and Oasys).
</dl>
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Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Expressions.html#Expressions">Expressions</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.10.1 Constants</h4>
<p><a name="index-integer-notation-499"></a><a name="index-constants-in-linker-scripts-500"></a>All constants are integers.
<p>As in C, the linker considers an integer beginning with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>&rsquo; to be
octal, and an integer beginning with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0x</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0X</span></samp>&rsquo; to be
hexadecimal. Alternatively the linker accepts suffixes of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">h</span></samp>&rsquo; or
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">H</span></samp>&rsquo; for hexadeciaml, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">o</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">O</span></samp>&rsquo; for octal, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">b</span></samp>&rsquo; or
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">B</span></samp>&rsquo; for binary and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">d</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">D</span></samp>&rsquo; for decimal. Any integer
value without a prefix or a suffix is considered to be decimal.
<p><a name="index-scaled-integers-501"></a><a name="index-K-and-M-integer-suffixes-502"></a><a name="index-M-and-K-integer-suffixes-503"></a><a name="index-suffixes-for-integers-504"></a><a name="index-integer-suffixes-505"></a>In addition, you can use the suffixes <code>K</code> and <code>M</code> to scale a
constant by
<!-- TEXI2ROFF-KILL -->
<!-- END TEXI2ROFF-KILL -->
<code>1024</code> or <code>1024*1024</code>
<!-- TEXI2ROFF-KILL -->
<!-- END TEXI2ROFF-KILL -->
respectively. For example, the following
all refer to the same quantity:
<pre class="smallexample"> _fourk_1 = 4K;
_fourk_2 = 4096;
_fourk_3 = 0x1000;
_fourk_4 = 10000o;
</pre>
<p>Note - the <code>K</code> and <code>M</code> suffixes cannot be used in
conjunction with the base suffixes mentioned above.
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Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Simple-Commands.html#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a>
<hr>
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<h4 class="subsection">3.4.1 Setting the Entry Point</h4>
<p><a name="index-ENTRY_0028_0040var_007bsymbol_007d_0029-348"></a><a name="index-start-of-execution-349"></a><a name="index-first-instruction-350"></a><a name="index-entry-point-351"></a>The first instruction to execute in a program is called the <dfn>entry
point</dfn>. You can use the <code>ENTRY</code> linker script command to set the
entry point. The argument is a symbol name:
<pre class="smallexample"> ENTRY(<var>symbol</var>)
</pre>
<p>There are several ways to set the entry point. The linker will set the
entry point by trying each of the following methods in order, and
stopping when one of them succeeds:
<ul>
<li>the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-e</span></samp>&rsquo; <var>entry</var> command-line option;
<li>the <code>ENTRY(</code><var>symbol</var><code>)</code> command in a linker script;
<li>the value of a target specific symbol, if it is defined; For many
targets this is <code>start</code>, but PE and BeOS based systems for example
check a list of possible entry symbols, matching the first one found.
<li>the address of the first byte of the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; section, if present;
<li>The address <code>0</code>.
</ul>
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<h3 class="section">2.2 Environment Variables</h3>
<!-- man begin ENVIRONMENT -->
<p>You can change the behaviour of <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> with the environment variables
<code>GNUTARGET</code>,
<code>LDEMULATION</code> and <code>COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE</code>.
<p><a name="index-GNUTARGET-333"></a><a name="index-default-input-format-334"></a><code>GNUTARGET</code> determines the input-file object format if you don't
use &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-b</span></samp>&rsquo; (or its synonym &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--format</span></samp>&rsquo;). Its value should be one
of the BFD names for an input format (see <a href="BFD.html#BFD">BFD</a>). If there is no
<code>GNUTARGET</code> in the environment, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> uses the natural format
of the target. If <code>GNUTARGET</code> is set to <code>default</code> then BFD
attempts to discover the input format by examining binary input files;
this method often succeeds, but there are potential ambiguities, since
there is no method of ensuring that the magic number used to specify
object-file formats is unique. However, the configuration procedure for
BFD on each system places the conventional format for that system first
in the search-list, so ambiguities are resolved in favor of convention.
<p><a name="index-LDEMULATION-335"></a><a name="index-default-emulation-336"></a><a name="index-emulation_002c-default-337"></a><code>LDEMULATION</code> determines the default emulation if you don't use the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-m</span></samp>&rsquo; option. The emulation can affect various aspects of linker
behaviour, particularly the default linker script. You can list the
available emulations with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-V</span></samp>&rsquo; options. If
the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-m</span></samp>&rsquo; option is not used, and the <code>LDEMULATION</code> environment
variable is not defined, the default emulation depends upon how the
linker was configured.
<p><a name="index-COLLECT_005fNO_005fDEMANGLE-338"></a><a name="index-demangling_002c-default-339"></a>Normally, the linker will default to demangling symbols. However, if
<code>COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE</code> is set in the environment, then it will
default to not demangling symbols. This environment variable is used in
a similar fashion by the <code>gcc</code> linker wrapper program. The default
may be overridden by the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--demangle</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--no-demangle</span></samp>&rsquo;
options.
<!-- man end -->
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<h4 class="subsection">3.10.7 Evaluation</h4>
<p><a name="index-lazy-evaluation-525"></a><a name="index-expression-evaluation-order-526"></a>The linker evaluates expressions lazily. It only computes the value of
an expression when absolutely necessary.
<p>The linker needs some information, such as the value of the start
address of the first section, and the origins and lengths of memory
regions, in order to do any linking at all. These values are computed
as soon as possible when the linker reads in the linker script.
<p>However, other values (such as symbol values) are not known or needed
until after storage allocation. Such values are evaluated later, when
other information (such as the sizes of output sections) is available
for use in the symbol assignment expression.
<p>The sizes of sections cannot be known until after allocation, so
assignments dependent upon these are not performed until after
allocation.
<p>Some expressions, such as those depending upon the location counter
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo;, must be evaluated during section allocation.
<p>If the result of an expression is required, but the value is not
available, then an error results. For example, a script like the
following
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS
{
.text 9+this_isnt_constant :
{ *(.text) }
}
</pre>
<p class="noindent">will cause the error message &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">non constant expression for initial
address</span></samp>&rsquo;.
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<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.10.8 The Section of an Expression</h4>
<p><a name="index-expression-sections-527"></a><a name="index-absolute-expressions-528"></a><a name="index-relative-expressions-529"></a><a name="index-absolute-and-relocatable-symbols-530"></a><a name="index-relocatable-and-absolute-symbols-531"></a><a name="index-symbols_002c-relocatable-and-absolute-532"></a>Addresses and symbols may be section relative, or absolute. A section
relative symbol is relocatable. If you request relocatable output
using the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-r</span></samp>&rsquo; option, a further link operation may change the
value of a section relative symbol. On the other hand, an absolute
symbol will retain the same value throughout any further link
operations.
<p>Some terms in linker expressions are addresses. This is true of
section relative symbols and for builtin functions that return an
address, such as <code>ADDR</code>, <code>LOADADDR</code>, <code>ORIGIN</code> and
<code>SEGMENT_START</code>. Other terms are simply numbers, or are builtin
functions that return a non-address value, such as <code>LENGTH</code>.
One complication is that unless you set <code>LD_FEATURE ("SANE_EXPR")</code>
(see <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a>), numbers and absolute symbols are treated
differently depending on their location, for compatibility with older
versions of <code>ld</code>. Expressions appearing outside an output
section definition treat all numbers as absolute addresses.
Expressions appearing inside an output section definition treat
absolute symbols as numbers. If <code>LD_FEATURE ("SANE_EXPR")</code> is
given, then absolute symbols and numbers are simply treated as numbers
everywhere.
<p>In the following simple example,
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS
{
. = 0x100;
__executable_start = 0x100;
.data :
{
. = 0x10;
__data_start = 0x10;
*(.data)
}
...
}
</pre>
<p>both <code>.</code> and <code>__executable_start</code> are set to the absolute
address 0x100 in the first two assignments, then both <code>.</code> and
<code>__data_start</code> are set to 0x10 relative to the <code>.data</code>
section in the second two assignments.
<p>For expressions involving numbers, relative addresses and absolute
addresses, ld follows these rules to evaluate terms:
<ul>
<li>Unary operations on a relative address, and binary operations on two
relative addresses in the same section or between one relative address
and a number, apply the operator to the offset part of the address(es).
<li>Unary operations on an absolute address, and binary operations on one
or more absolute addresses or on two relative addresses not in the
same section, first convert any non-absolute term to an absolute
address before applying the operator.
</ul>
<p>The result section of each sub-expression is as follows:
<ul>
<li>An operation involving only numbers results in a number.
<li>The result of comparisons, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&amp;&amp;</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">||</span></samp>&rsquo; is also a number.
<li>The result of other binary arithmetic and logical operations on two
relative addresses in the same section or two absolute addresess
(after above conversions) is also a number.
<li>The result of other operations on relative addresses or one
relative address and a number, is a relative address in the same
section as the relative operand(s).
<li>The result of other operations on absolute addresses (after above
conversions) is an absolute address.
</ul>
<p>You can use the builtin function <code>ABSOLUTE</code> to force an expression
to be absolute when it would otherwise be relative. For example, to
create an absolute symbol set to the address of the end of the output
section &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo;:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS
{
.data : { *(.data) _edata = ABSOLUTE(.); }
}
</pre>
<p class="noindent">If &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ABSOLUTE</span></samp>&rsquo; were not used, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">_edata</span></samp>&rsquo; would be relative to the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo; section.
<p>Using <code>LOADADDR</code> also forces an expression absolute, since this
particular builtin function returns an absolute address.
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<h3 class="section">3.10 Expressions in Linker Scripts</h3>
<p><a name="index-expressions-497"></a><a name="index-arithmetic-498"></a>The syntax for expressions in the linker script language is identical to
that of C expressions. All expressions are evaluated as integers. All
expressions are evaluated in the same size, which is 32 bits if both the
host and target are 32 bits, and is otherwise 64 bits.
<p>You can use and set symbol values in expressions.
<p>The linker defines several special purpose builtin functions for use in
expressions.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="Constants.html#Constants">Constants</a>: Constants
<li><a accesskey="2" href="Symbolic-Constants.html#Symbolic-Constants">Symbolic Constants</a>: Symbolic constants
<li><a accesskey="3" href="Symbols.html#Symbols">Symbols</a>: Symbol Names
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<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.4.2 Commands Dealing with Files</h4>
<p><a name="index-linker-script-file-commands-352"></a>Several linker script commands deal with files.
<dl>
<dt><code>INCLUDE </code><var>filename</var><dd><a name="index-INCLUDE-_0040var_007bfilename_007d-353"></a><a name="index-including-a-linker-script-354"></a>Include the linker script <var>filename</var> at this point. The file will
be searched for in the current directory, and in any directory specified
with the <samp><span class="option">-L</span></samp> option. You can nest calls to <code>INCLUDE</code> up to
10 levels deep.
<p>You can place <code>INCLUDE</code> directives at the top level, in <code>MEMORY</code> or
<code>SECTIONS</code> commands, or in output section descriptions.
<br><dt><code>INPUT(</code><var>file</var><code>, </code><var>file</var><code>, ...)</code><dt><code>INPUT(</code><var>file</var> <var>file</var><code> ...)</code><dd><a name="index-INPUT_0028_0040var_007bfiles_007d_0029-355"></a><a name="index-input-files-in-linker-scripts-356"></a><a name="index-input-object-files-in-linker-scripts-357"></a><a name="index-linker-script-input-object-files-358"></a>The <code>INPUT</code> command directs the linker to include the named files
in the link, as though they were named on the command line.
<p>For example, if you always want to include <samp><span class="file">subr.o</span></samp> any time you do
a link, but you can't be bothered to put it on every link command line,
then you can put &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">INPUT (subr.o)</span></samp>&rsquo; in your linker script.
<p>In fact, if you like, you can list all of your input files in the linker
script, and then invoke the linker with nothing but a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>&rsquo; option.
<p>In case a <dfn>sysroot prefix</dfn> is configured, and the filename starts
with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">/</span></samp>&rsquo; character, and the script being processed was
located inside the <dfn>sysroot prefix</dfn>, the filename will be looked
for in the <dfn>sysroot prefix</dfn>. Otherwise, the linker will try to
open the file in the current directory. If it is not found, the
linker will search through the archive library search path. See the
description of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-L</span></samp>&rsquo; in <a href="Options.html#Options">Command Line Options</a>.
<p>If you use &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">INPUT (-l</span><var>file</var><span class="samp">)</span></samp>&rsquo;, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> will transform the
name to <code>lib</code><var>file</var><code>.a</code>, as with the command line argument
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-l</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>When you use the <code>INPUT</code> command in an implicit linker script, the
files will be included in the link at the point at which the linker
script file is included. This can affect archive searching.
<br><dt><code>GROUP(</code><var>file</var><code>, </code><var>file</var><code>, ...)</code><dt><code>GROUP(</code><var>file</var> <var>file</var><code> ...)</code><dd><a name="index-GROUP_0028_0040var_007bfiles_007d_0029-359"></a><a name="index-grouping-input-files-360"></a>The <code>GROUP</code> command is like <code>INPUT</code>, except that the named
files should all be archives, and they are searched repeatedly until no
new undefined references are created. See the description of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-(</span></samp>&rsquo;
in <a href="Options.html#Options">Command Line Options</a>.
<br><dt><code>AS_NEEDED(</code><var>file</var><code>, </code><var>file</var><code>, ...)</code><dt><code>AS_NEEDED(</code><var>file</var> <var>file</var><code> ...)</code><dd><a name="index-AS_005fNEEDED_0028_0040var_007bfiles_007d_0029-361"></a>This construct can appear only inside of the <code>INPUT</code> or <code>GROUP</code>
commands, among other filenames. The files listed will be handled
as if they appear directly in the <code>INPUT</code> or <code>GROUP</code> commands,
with the exception of ELF shared libraries, that will be added only
when they are actually needed. This construct essentially enables
<samp><span class="option">--as-needed</span></samp> option for all the files listed inside of it
and restores previous <samp><span class="option">--as-needed</span></samp> resp. <samp><span class="option">--no-as-needed</span></samp>
setting afterwards.
<br><dt><code>OUTPUT(</code><var>filename</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-OUTPUT_0028_0040var_007bfilename_007d_0029-362"></a><a name="index-output-file-name-in-linker-script-363"></a>The <code>OUTPUT</code> command names the output file. Using
<code>OUTPUT(</code><var>filename</var><code>)</code> in the linker script is exactly like using
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-o </span><var>filename</var></samp>&rsquo; on the command line (see <a href="Options.html#Options">Command Line Options</a>). If both are used, the command line option takes
precedence.
<p>You can use the <code>OUTPUT</code> command to define a default name for the
output file other than the usual default of <samp><span class="file">a.out</span></samp>.
<br><dt><code>SEARCH_DIR(</code><var>path</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-SEARCH_005fDIR_0028_0040var_007bpath_007d_0029-364"></a><a name="index-library-search-path-in-linker-script-365"></a><a name="index-archive-search-path-in-linker-script-366"></a><a name="index-search-path-in-linker-script-367"></a>The <code>SEARCH_DIR</code> command adds <var>path</var> to the list of paths where
<samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> looks for archive libraries. Using
<code>SEARCH_DIR(</code><var>path</var><code>)</code> is exactly like using &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-L </span><var>path</var></samp>&rsquo;
on the command line (see <a href="Options.html#Options">Command Line Options</a>). If both
are used, then the linker will search both paths. Paths specified using
the command line option are searched first.
<br><dt><code>STARTUP(</code><var>filename</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-STARTUP_0028_0040var_007bfilename_007d_0029-368"></a><a name="index-first-input-file-369"></a>The <code>STARTUP</code> command is just like the <code>INPUT</code> command, except
that <var>filename</var> will become the first input file to be linked, as
though it were specified first on the command line. This may be useful
when using a system in which the entry point is always the start of the
first file.
</dl>
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Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Output-Section-Constraint.html#Output-Section-Constraint">Output Section Constraint</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Forced-Output-Alignment.html#Forced-Output-Alignment">Forced Output Alignment</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Output-Section-Attributes.html#Output-Section-Attributes">Output Section Attributes</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.8.4 Forced Input Alignment</h5>
<p><a name="index-SUBALIGN_0028_0040var_007bsubsection_005falign_007d_0029-457"></a><a name="index-forcing-input-section-alignment-458"></a><a name="index-input-section-alignment-459"></a>You can force input section alignment within an output section by using
SUBALIGN. The value specified overrides any alignment given by input
sections, whether larger or smaller.
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Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Output-Section-LMA.html#Output-Section-LMA">Output Section LMA</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Output-Section-Attributes.html#Output-Section-Attributes">Output Section Attributes</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.8.3 Forced Output Alignment</h5>
<p><a name="index-ALIGN_0028_0040var_007bsection_005falign_007d_0029-454"></a><a name="index-forcing-output-section-alignment-455"></a><a name="index-output-section-alignment-456"></a>You can increase an output section's alignment by using ALIGN.
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<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.4.3 Commands Dealing with Object File Formats</h4>
<p>A couple of linker script commands deal with object file formats.
<dl>
<dt><code>OUTPUT_FORMAT(</code><var>bfdname</var><code>)</code><dt><code>OUTPUT_FORMAT(</code><var>default</var><code>, </code><var>big</var><code>, </code><var>little</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-OUTPUT_005fFORMAT_0028_0040var_007bbfdname_007d_0029-370"></a><a name="index-output-file-format-in-linker-script-371"></a>The <code>OUTPUT_FORMAT</code> command names the BFD format to use for the
output file (see <a href="BFD.html#BFD">BFD</a>). Using <code>OUTPUT_FORMAT(</code><var>bfdname</var><code>)</code> is
exactly like using &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--oformat </span><var>bfdname</var></samp>&rsquo; on the command line
(see <a href="Options.html#Options">Command Line Options</a>). If both are used, the command
line option takes precedence.
<p>You can use <code>OUTPUT_FORMAT</code> with three arguments to use different
formats based on the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-EB</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-EL</span></samp>&rsquo; command line options.
This permits the linker script to set the output format based on the
desired endianness.
<p>If neither &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-EB</span></samp>&rsquo; nor &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-EL</span></samp>&rsquo; are used, then the output format
will be the first argument, <var>default</var>. If &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-EB</span></samp>&rsquo; is used, the
output format will be the second argument, <var>big</var>. If &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-EL</span></samp>&rsquo; is
used, the output format will be the third argument, <var>little</var>.
<p>For example, the default linker script for the MIPS ELF target uses this
command:
<pre class="smallexample"> OUTPUT_FORMAT(elf32-bigmips, elf32-bigmips, elf32-littlemips)
</pre>
<p>This says that the default format for the output file is
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">elf32-bigmips</span></samp>&rsquo;, but if the user uses the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-EL</span></samp>&rsquo; command line
option, the output file will be created in the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">elf32-littlemips</span></samp>&rsquo;
format.
<br><dt><code>TARGET(</code><var>bfdname</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-TARGET_0028_0040var_007bbfdname_007d_0029-372"></a><a name="index-input-file-format-in-linker-script-373"></a>The <code>TARGET</code> command names the BFD format to use when reading input
files. It affects subsequent <code>INPUT</code> and <code>GROUP</code> commands.
This command is like using &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-b </span><var>bfdname</var></samp>&rsquo; on the command line
(see <a href="Options.html#Options">Command Line Options</a>). If the <code>TARGET</code> command
is used but <code>OUTPUT_FORMAT</code> is not, then the last <code>TARGET</code>
command is also used to set the format for the output file. See <a href="BFD.html#BFD">BFD</a>.
</dl>
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<a name="GNU-Free-Documentation-License"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="LD-Index.html#LD-Index">LD Index</a>,
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<h2 class="appendix">Appendix B GNU Free Documentation License</h2>
<!-- The GNU Free Documentation License. -->
<div align="center">Version 1.3, 3 November 2008</div>
<!-- This file is intended to be included within another document, -->
<!-- hence no sectioning command or @node. -->
<pre class="display"> Copyright &copy; 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<a href="http://fsf.org/">http://fsf.org/</a>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
</pre>
<ol type=1 start=0>
<li>PREAMBLE
<p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document <dfn>free</dfn> in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
for modifications made by others.
<p>This License is a kind of &ldquo;copyleft&rdquo;, which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
<p>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
<li>APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
<p>This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
work under the conditions stated herein. The &ldquo;Document&rdquo;, below,
refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
licensee, and is addressed as &ldquo;you&rdquo;. You accept the license if you
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
under copyright law.
<p>A &ldquo;Modified Version&rdquo; of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
<p>A &ldquo;Secondary Section&rdquo; is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
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directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
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any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
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them.
<p>The &ldquo;Invariant Sections&rdquo; are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
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that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
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allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
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<p>The &ldquo;Cover Texts&rdquo; are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
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be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
<p>A &ldquo;Transparent&rdquo; copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
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straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
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drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
of text. A copy that is not &ldquo;Transparent&rdquo; is called &ldquo;Opaque&rdquo;.
<p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
<span class="sc">ascii</span> without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
format, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or <acronym>XML</acronym> using a publicly available
<acronym>DTD</acronym>, and standard-conforming simple <acronym>HTML</acronym>,
PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> designed for human modification. Examples
of transparent image formats include <acronym>PNG</acronym>, <acronym>XCF</acronym> and
<acronym>JPG</acronym>. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
read and edited only by proprietary word processors, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or
<acronym>XML</acronym> for which the <acronym>DTD</acronym> and/or processing tools are
not generally available, and the machine-generated <acronym>HTML</acronym>,
PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> produced by some word processors for
output purposes only.
<p>The &ldquo;Title Page&rdquo; means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
formats which do not have any title page as such, &ldquo;Title Page&rdquo; means
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
<p>The &ldquo;publisher&rdquo; means any person or entity that distributes copies
of the Document to the public.
<p>A section &ldquo;Entitled XYZ&rdquo; means a named subunit of the Document whose
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
specific section name mentioned below, such as &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
&ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;, or &ldquo;History&rdquo;.) To &ldquo;Preserve the Title&rdquo;
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
section &ldquo;Entitled XYZ&rdquo; according to this definition.
<p>The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
no effect on the meaning of this License.
<li>VERBATIM COPYING
<p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
<p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.
<li>COPYING IN QUANTITY
<p>If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.
<p>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.
<p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a computer-network location from which the general network-using
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.
<p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
<li>MODIFICATIONS
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<p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
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<p>If a section in the Document is Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
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<li>FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
<p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
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<p>An MMC is &ldquo;eligible for relicensing&rdquo; if it is licensed under this
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</ol>
<h3 class="heading">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</h3>
<p>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:
<pre class="smallexample"> Copyright (C) <var>year</var> <var>your name</var>.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
</pre>
<p>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the &ldquo;with<small class="dots">...</small>Texts.&rdquo; line with this:
<pre class="smallexample"> with the Invariant Sections being <var>list their titles</var>, with
the Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being <var>list</var>.
</pre>
<p>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
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<p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
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<a name="H8%2f300"></a>
<a name="H8_002f300"></a>
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Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Machine-Dependent.html#Machine-Dependent">Machine Dependent</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h3 class="section">4.1 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the H8/300</h3>
<p><a name="index-H8_002f300-support-569"></a>For the H8/300, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> can perform these global optimizations when
you specify the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--relax</span></samp>&rsquo; command-line option.
<a name="index-relaxing-on-H8_002f300-570"></a>
<dl><dt><em>relaxing address modes</em><dd><samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> finds all <code>jsr</code> and <code>jmp</code> instructions whose
targets are within eight bits, and turns them into eight-bit
program-counter relative <code>bsr</code> and <code>bra</code> instructions,
respectively.
<p><a name="index-synthesizing-on-H8_002f300-571"></a><br><dt><em>synthesizing instructions</em><dd><!-- FIXME: specifically mov.b, or any mov instructions really? -->
<samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> finds all <code>mov.b</code> instructions which use the
sixteen-bit absolute address form, but refer to the top
page of memory, and changes them to use the eight-bit address form.
(That is: the linker turns &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mov.b </span><code>@</code><var>aa</var><span class="samp">:16</span></samp>&rsquo; into
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mov.b </span><code>@</code><var>aa</var><span class="samp">:8</span></samp>&rsquo; whenever the address <var>aa</var> is in the
top page of memory).
<br><dt><em>bit manipulation instructions</em><dd><samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> finds all bit manipulation instructions like <code>band, bclr,
biand, bild, bior, bist, bixor, bld, bnot, bor, bset, bst, btst, bxor</code>
which use 32 bit and 16 bit absolute address form, but refer to the top
page of memory, and changes them to use the 8 bit address form.
(That is: the linker turns &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">bset #xx:3,</span><code>@</code><var>aa</var><span class="samp">:32</span></samp>&rsquo; into
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">bset #xx:3,</span><code>@</code><var>aa</var><span class="samp">:8</span></samp>&rsquo; whenever the address <var>aa</var> is in
the top page of memory).
<br><dt><em>system control instructions</em><dd><samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> finds all <code>ldc.w, stc.w</code> instructions which use the
32 bit absolute address form, but refer to the top page of memory, and
changes them to use 16 bit address form.
(That is: the linker turns &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ldc.w </span><code>@</code><var>aa</var><span class="samp">:32,ccr</span></samp>&rsquo; into
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ldc.w </span><code>@</code><var>aa</var><span class="samp">:16,ccr</span></samp>&rsquo; whenever the address <var>aa</var> is in
the top page of memory).
</dl>
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Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Assignments.html#Assignments">Assignments</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.5.2 HIDDEN</h4>
<p><a name="index-HIDDEN-396"></a>For ELF targeted ports, define a symbol that will be hidden and won't be
exported. The syntax is <code>HIDDEN(</code><var>symbol</var><code> = </code><var>expression</var><code>)</code>.
<p>Here is the example from <a href="Simple-Assignments.html#Simple-Assignments">Simple Assignments</a>, rewritten to use
<code>HIDDEN</code>:
<pre class="smallexample"> HIDDEN(floating_point = 0);
SECTIONS
{
.text :
{
*(.text)
HIDDEN(_etext = .);
}
HIDDEN(_bdata = (. + 3) &amp; ~ 3);
.data : { *(.data) }
}
</pre>
<p class="noindent">In this case none of the three symbols will be visible outside this module.
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<h3 class="section">4.5 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and HPPA 32-bit ELF Support</h3>
<p><a name="index-HPPA-multiple-sub_002dspace-stubs-617"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dmulti_002dsubspace-618"></a>When generating a shared library, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> will by default generate
import stubs suitable for use with a single sub-space application.
The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--multi-subspace</span></samp>&rsquo; switch causes <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> to generate export
stubs, and different (larger) import stubs suitable for use with
multiple sub-spaces.
<p><a name="index-HPPA-stub-grouping-619"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dstub_002dgroup_002dsize_003d_0040var_007bN_007d-620"></a>Long branch stubs and import/export stubs are placed by <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> in
stub sections located between groups of input sections.
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--stub-group-size</span></samp>&rsquo; specifies the maximum size of a group of input
sections handled by one stub section. Since branch offsets are signed,
a stub section may serve two groups of input sections, one group before
the stub section, and one group after it. However, when using
conditional branches that require stubs, it may be better (for branch
prediction) that stub sections only serve one group of input sections.
A negative value for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">N</span></samp>&rsquo; chooses this scheme, ensuring that
branches to stubs always use a negative offset. Two special values of
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">N</span></samp>&rsquo; are recognized, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo;. These both instruct
<samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> to automatically size input section groups for the branch types
detected, with the same behaviour regarding stub placement as other
positive or negative values of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">N</span></samp>&rsquo; respectively.
<p>Note that &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--stub-group-size</span></samp>&rsquo; does not split input sections. A
single input section larger than the group size specified will of course
create a larger group (of one section). If input sections are too
large, it may not be possible for a branch to reach its stub.
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<h3 class="section">3.11 Implicit Linker Scripts</h3>
<p><a name="index-implicit-linker-scripts-567"></a>If you specify a linker input file which the linker can not recognize as
an object file or an archive file, it will try to read the file as a
linker script. If the file can not be parsed as a linker script, the
linker will report an error.
<p>An implicit linker script will not replace the default linker script.
<p>Typically an implicit linker script would contain only symbol
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<p>Any input files read because of an implicit linker script will be read
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<hr>
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<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.4.1 Input Section Basics</h5>
<p><a name="index-input-section-basics-406"></a>An input section description consists of a file name optionally followed
by a list of section names in parentheses.
<p>The file name and the section name may be wildcard patterns, which we
describe further below (see <a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#Input-Section-Wildcards">Input Section Wildcards</a>).
<p>The most common input section description is to include all input
sections with a particular name in the output section. For example, to
include all input &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; sections, you would write:
<pre class="smallexample"> *(.text)
</pre>
<p class="noindent">Here the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>&rsquo; is a wildcard which matches any file name. To exclude a list
of files from matching the file name wildcard, EXCLUDE_FILE may be used to
match all files except the ones specified in the EXCLUDE_FILE list. For
example:
<pre class="smallexample"> *(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *otherfile.o) .ctors)
</pre>
<p>will cause all .ctors sections from all files except <samp><span class="file">crtend.o</span></samp> and
<samp><span class="file">otherfile.o</span></samp> to be included.
<p>There are two ways to include more than one section:
<pre class="smallexample"> *(.text .rdata)
*(.text) *(.rdata)
</pre>
<p class="noindent">The difference between these is the order in which the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.rdata</span></samp>&rsquo; input sections will appear in the output section. In the
first example, they will be intermingled, appearing in the same order as
they are found in the linker input. In the second example, all
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; input sections will appear first, followed by all
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.rdata</span></samp>&rsquo; input sections.
<p>You can specify a file name to include sections from a particular file.
You would do this if one or more of your files contain special data that
needs to be at a particular location in memory. For example:
<pre class="smallexample"> data.o(.data)
</pre>
<p>To refine the sections that are included based on the section flags
of an input section, INPUT_SECTION_FLAGS may be used.
<p>Here is a simple example for using Section header flags for ELF sections:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS {
.text : { INPUT_SECTION_FLAGS (SHF_MERGE &amp; SHF_STRINGS) *(.text) }
.text2 : { INPUT_SECTION_FLAGS (!SHF_WRITE) *(.text) }
}
</pre>
<p>In this example, the output section &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; will be comprised of any
input section matching the name *(.text) whose section header flags
<code>SHF_MERGE</code> and <code>SHF_STRINGS</code> are set. The output section
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text2</span></samp>&rsquo; will be comprised of any input section matching the name *(.text)
whose section header flag <code>SHF_WRITE</code> is clear.
<p>You can also specify files within archives by writing a pattern
matching the archive, a colon, then the pattern matching the file,
with no whitespace around the colon.
<dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">archive:file</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>matches file within archive
<br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">archive:</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>matches the whole archive
<br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">:file</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>matches file but not one in an archive
</dl>
<p>Either one or both of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">archive</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">file</span></samp>&rsquo; can contain shell
wildcards. On DOS based file systems, the linker will assume that a
single letter followed by a colon is a drive specifier, so
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">c:myfile.o</span></samp>&rsquo; is a simple file specification, not &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">myfile.o</span></samp>&rsquo;
within an archive called &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">c</span></samp>&rsquo;. &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">archive:file</span></samp>&rsquo; filespecs may
also be used within an <code>EXCLUDE_FILE</code> list, but may not appear in
other linker script contexts. For instance, you cannot extract a file
from an archive by using &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">archive:file</span></samp>&rsquo; in an <code>INPUT</code>
command.
<p>If you use a file name without a list of sections, then all sections in
the input file will be included in the output section. This is not
commonly done, but it may by useful on occasion. For example:
<pre class="smallexample"> data.o
</pre>
<p>When you use a file name which is not an &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">archive:file</span></samp>&rsquo; specifier
and does not contain any wild card
characters, the linker will first see if you also specified the file
name on the linker command line or in an <code>INPUT</code> command. If you
did not, the linker will attempt to open the file as an input file, as
though it appeared on the command line. Note that this differs from an
<code>INPUT</code> command, because the linker will not search for the file in
the archive search path.
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<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.4.3 Input Section for Common Symbols</h5>
<p><a name="index-common-symbol-placement-416"></a><a name="index-uninitialized-data-placement-417"></a>A special notation is needed for common symbols, because in many object
file formats common symbols do not have a particular input section. The
linker treats common symbols as though they are in an input section
named &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">COMMON</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>You may use file names with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">COMMON</span></samp>&rsquo; section just as with any
other input sections. You can use this to place common symbols from a
particular input file in one section while common symbols from other
input files are placed in another section.
<p>In most cases, common symbols in input files will be placed in the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.bss</span></samp>&rsquo; section in the output file. For example:
<pre class="smallexample"> .bss { *(.bss) *(COMMON) }
</pre>
<p><a name="index-scommon-section-418"></a><a name="index-small-common-symbols-419"></a>Some object file formats have more than one type of common symbol. For
example, the MIPS ELF object file format distinguishes standard common
symbols and small common symbols. In this case, the linker will use a
different special section name for other types of common symbols. In
the case of MIPS ELF, the linker uses &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">COMMON</span></samp>&rsquo; for standard common
symbols and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.scommon</span></samp>&rsquo; for small common symbols. This permits you
to map the different types of common symbols into memory at different
locations.
<p><a name="index-g_t_005bCOMMON_005d-420"></a>You will sometimes see &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">[COMMON]</span></samp>&rsquo; in old linker scripts. This
notation is now considered obsolete. It is equivalent to
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*(COMMON)</span></samp>&rsquo;.
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<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.4.5 Input Section Example</h5>
<p>The following example is a complete linker script. It tells the linker
to read all of the sections from file <samp><span class="file">all.o</span></samp> and place them at the
start of output section &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">outputa</span></samp>&rsquo; which starts at location
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0x10000</span></samp>&rsquo;. All of section &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.input1</span></samp>&rsquo; from file <samp><span class="file">foo.o</span></samp>
follows immediately, in the same output section. All of section
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.input2</span></samp>&rsquo; from <samp><span class="file">foo.o</span></samp> goes into output section
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">outputb</span></samp>&rsquo;, followed by section &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.input1</span></samp>&rsquo; from <samp><span class="file">foo1.o</span></samp>.
All of the remaining &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.input1</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.input2</span></samp>&rsquo; sections from any
files are written to output section &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">outputc</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS {
outputa 0x10000 :
{
all.o
foo.o (.input1)
}
outputb :
{
foo.o (.input2)
foo1.o (.input1)
}
outputc :
{
*(.input1)
*(.input2)
}
}
</pre>
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<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.4.4 Input Section and Garbage Collection</h5>
<p><a name="index-KEEP-421"></a><a name="index-garbage-collection-422"></a>When link-time garbage collection is in use (&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--gc-sections</span></samp>&rsquo;),
it is often useful to mark sections that should not be eliminated.
This is accomplished by surrounding an input section's wildcard entry
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<code>KEEP(SORT_BY_NAME(*)(.ctors))</code>.
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<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.4.2 Input Section Wildcard Patterns</h5>
<p><a name="index-input-section-wildcards-407"></a><a name="index-wildcard-file-name-patterns-408"></a><a name="index-file-name-wildcard-patterns-409"></a><a name="index-section-name-wildcard-patterns-410"></a>In an input section description, either the file name or the section
name or both may be wildcard patterns.
<p>The file name of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>&rsquo; seen in many examples is a simple wildcard
pattern for the file name.
<p>The wildcard patterns are like those used by the Unix shell.
<dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>matches any number of characters
<br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">?</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>matches any single character
<br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">[</span><var>chars</var><span class="samp">]</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>matches a single instance of any of the <var>chars</var>; the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-</span></samp>&rsquo;
character may be used to specify a range of characters, as in
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">[a-z]</span></samp>&rsquo; to match any lower case letter
<br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>quotes the following character
</dl>
<p>When a file name is matched with a wildcard, the wildcard characters
will not match a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">/</span></samp>&rsquo; character (used to separate directory names on
Unix). A pattern consisting of a single &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>&rsquo; character is an
exception; it will always match any file name, whether it contains a
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">/</span></samp>&rsquo; or not. In a section name, the wildcard characters will match
a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">/</span></samp>&rsquo; character.
<p>File name wildcard patterns only match files which are explicitly
specified on the command line or in an <code>INPUT</code> command. The linker
does not search directories to expand wildcards.
<p>If a file name matches more than one wildcard pattern, or if a file name
appears explicitly and is also matched by a wildcard pattern, the linker
will use the first match in the linker script. For example, this
sequence of input section descriptions is probably in error, because the
<samp><span class="file">data.o</span></samp> rule will not be used:
<pre class="smallexample"> .data : { *(.data) }
.data1 : { data.o(.data) }
</pre>
<p><a name="index-SORT_005fBY_005fNAME-411"></a>Normally, the linker will place files and sections matched by wildcards
in the order in which they are seen during the link. You can change
this by using the <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> keyword, which appears before a wildcard
pattern in parentheses (e.g., <code>SORT_BY_NAME(.text*)</code>). When the
<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> keyword is used, the linker will sort the files or sections
into ascending order by name before placing them in the output file.
<p><a name="index-SORT_005fBY_005fALIGNMENT-412"></a><code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> is very similar to <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code>. The
difference is <code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> will sort sections into
ascending order by alignment before placing them in the output file.
<p><a name="index-SORT_005fBY_005fINIT_005fPRIORITY-413"></a><code>SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY</code> is very similar to <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code>. The
difference is <code>SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY</code> will sort sections into
ascending order by numerical value of the GCC init_priority attribute
encoded in the section name before placing them in the output file.
<p><a name="index-SORT-414"></a><code>SORT</code> is an alias for <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code>.
<p>When there are nested section sorting commands in linker script, there
can be at most 1 level of nesting for section sorting commands.
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li><code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
It will sort the input sections by name first, then by alignment if 2
sections have the same name.
<li><code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
It will sort the input sections by alignment first, then by name if 2
sections have the same alignment.
<li><code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern)) is
treated the same as <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern).
<li><code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern))
is treated the same as <code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern).
<li>All other nested section sorting commands are invalid.
</ol>
<p>When both command line section sorting option and linker script
section sorting command are used, section sorting command always
takes precedence over the command line option.
<p>If the section sorting command in linker script isn't nested, the
command line option will make the section sorting command to be
treated as nested sorting command.
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li><code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern ) with
<samp><span class="option">--sort-sections alignment</span></samp> is equivalent to
<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
<li><code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern) with
<samp><span class="option">--sort-section name</span></samp> is equivalent to
<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
</ol>
<p>If the section sorting command in linker script is nested, the
command line option will be ignored.
<p><a name="index-SORT_005fNONE-415"></a><code>SORT_NONE</code> disables section sorting by ignoring the command line
section sorting option.
<p>If you ever get confused about where input sections are going, use the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-M</span></samp>&rsquo; linker option to generate a map file. The map file shows
precisely how input sections are mapped to output sections.
<p>This example shows how wildcard patterns might be used to partition
files. This linker script directs the linker to place all &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo;
sections in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; and all &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.bss</span></samp>&rsquo; sections in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.bss</span></samp>&rsquo;.
The linker will place the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo; section from all files beginning
with an upper case character in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.DATA</span></samp>&rsquo;; for all other files, the
linker will place the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo; section in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS {
.text : { *(.text) }
.DATA : { [A-Z]*(.data) }
.data : { *(.data) }
.bss : { *(.bss) }
}
</pre>
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<hr>
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<h4 class="subsection">3.6.4 Input Section Description</h4>
<p><a name="index-input-sections-404"></a><a name="index-mapping-input-sections-to-output-sections-405"></a>The most common output section command is an input section description.
<p>The input section description is the most basic linker script operation.
You use output sections to tell the linker how to lay out your program
in memory. You use input section descriptions to tell the linker how to
map the input files into your memory layout.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="Input-Section-Basics.html#Input-Section-Basics">Input Section Basics</a>: Input section basics
<li><a accesskey="2" href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#Input-Section-Wildcards">Input Section Wildcards</a>: Input section wildcard patterns
<li><a accesskey="3" href="Input-Section-Common.html#Input-Section-Common">Input Section Common</a>: Input section for common symbols
<li><a accesskey="4" href="Input-Section-Keep.html#Input-Section-Keep">Input Section Keep</a>: Input section and garbage collection
<li><a accesskey="5" href="Input-Section-Example.html#Input-Section-Example">Input Section Example</a>: Input section example
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This file documents the GNU linker LD
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2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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<h2 class="chapter">2 Invocation</h2>
<!-- man begin DESCRIPTION -->
<p>The <span class="sc">gnu</span> linker <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> is meant to cover a broad range of situations,
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you have many choices to control its behavior.
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<h2 class="unnumbered">LD Index</h2>
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<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002ddsbt_002dindex-328"><code>--dsbt-index</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
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<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002demit_002drelocs-84"><code>--emit-relocs</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
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<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#index-g_t_002d_002demit_002dstub_002dsyms-671"><code>--emit-stub-syms</code></a>: <a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">SPU ELF</a></li>
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<li><a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#index-g_t_002d_002demit_002dstub_002dsyms-633"><code>--emit-stub-syms</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">PowerPC ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dauto_002dimage_002dbase-306"><code>--enable-auto-image-base</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dauto_002dimport-310"><code>--enable-auto-import</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dextra_002dpe_002ddebug-314"><code>--enable-extra-pe-debug</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dlong_002dsection_002dnames-278"><code>--enable-long-section-names</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dnew_002ddtags-268"><code>--enable-new-dtags</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002druntime_002dpseudo_002dreloc-312"><code>--enable-runtime-pseudo-reloc</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dstdcall_002dfixup-280"><code>--enable-stdcall-fixup</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dentry_003d_0040var_007bentry_007d-28"><code>--entry=</code><var>entry</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002derror_002dunresolved_002dsymbols-262"><code>--error-unresolved-symbols</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002dall_002dsymbols-287"><code>--exclude-all-symbols</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002dlibs-29"><code>--exclude-libs</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002dmodules_002dfor_002dimplib-30"><code>--exclude-modules-for-implib</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002dsymbols-286"><code>--exclude-symbols</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dexport_002dall_002dsymbols-285"><code>--export-all-symbols</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dexport_002ddynamic-33"><code>--export-dynamic</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#index-g_t_002d_002dextra_002doverlay_002dstubs-673"><code>--extra-overlay-stubs</code></a>: <a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">SPU ELF</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dfatal_002dwarnings-170"><code>--fatal-warnings</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dfile_002dalignment-288"><code>--file-alignment</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dfilter_003d_0040var_007bname_007d-43"><code>--filter=</code><var>name</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002dfix_002darm1176-607"><code>--fix-arm1176</code></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="i960.html#index-g_t_002d_002dfix_002dcortex_002da8-576"><code>--fix-cortex-a8</code></a>: <a href="i960.html#i960">i960</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002dfix_002dv4bx-599"><code>--fix-v4bx</code></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002dfix_002dv4bx_002dinterworking-601"><code>--fix-v4bx-interworking</code></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dforce_002ddynamic-86"><code>--force-dynamic</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dforce_002dexe_002dsuffix-172"><code>--force-exe-suffix</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dforceinteg-320"><code>--forceinteg</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dformat_003d_0040var_007bformat_007d-14"><code>--format=</code><var>format</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="TI-COFF.html#index-g_t_002d_002dformat_003d_0040var_007bversion_007d-681"><code>--format=</code><var>version</var></a>: <a href="TI-COFF.html#TI-COFF">TI COFF</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dgc_002dsections-173"><code>--gc-sections</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dgot-332"><code>--got</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="M68K.html#index-g_t_002d_002dgot_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-622"><code>--got=</code><var>type</var></a>: <a href="M68K.html#M68K">M68K</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dgpsize_003d_0040var_007bvalue_007d-48"><code>--gpsize=</code><var>value</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dhash_002dsize_003d_0040var_007bnumber_007d-270"><code>--hash-size=</code><var>number</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dhash_002dstyle_003d_0040var_007bstyle_007d-271"><code>--hash-style=</code><var>style</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dheap-290"><code>--heap</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dhelp-183"><code>--help</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dimage_002dbase-292"><code>--image-base</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002djust_002dsymbols_003d_0040var_007bfile_007d-93"><code>--just-symbols=</code><var>file</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dkill_002dat-293"><code>--kill-at</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dlarge_002daddress_002daware-294"><code>--large-address-aware</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dld_002dgenerated_002dunwind_002dinfo-267"><code>--ld-generated-unwind-info</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dleading_002dunderscore-282"><code>--leading-underscore</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dlibrary_002dpath_003d_0040var_007bdir_007d-62"><code>--library-path=</code><var>dir</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dlibrary_003d_0040var_007bnamespec_007d-59"><code>--library=</code><var>namespec</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#index-g_t_002d_002dlocal_002dstore_003dlo_003ahi-675"><code>--local-store=lo:hi</code></a>: <a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">SPU ELF</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dmajor_002dimage_002dversion-295"><code>--major-image-version</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dmajor_002dos_002dversion-296"><code>--major-os-version</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dmajor_002dsubsystem_002dversion-297"><code>--major-subsystem-version</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="i960.html#index-g_t_002d_002dmerge_002dexidx_002dentries-578"><code>--merge-exidx-entries</code></a>: <a href="i960.html#i960">i960</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dminor_002dimage_002dversion-298"><code>--minor-image-version</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dminor_002dos_002dversion-299"><code>--minor-os-version</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dminor_002dsubsystem_002dversion-300"><code>--minor-subsystem-version</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dmri_002dscript_003d_0040var_007bMRI_002dcmdfile_007d-18"><code>--mri-script=</code><var>MRI-cmdfile</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="HPPA-ELF32.html#index-g_t_002d_002dmulti_002dsubspace-618"><code>--multi-subspace</code></a>: <a href="HPPA-ELF32.html#HPPA-ELF32">HPPA ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dnmagic-71"><code>--nmagic</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002daccept_002dunknown_002dinput_002darch-134"><code>--no-accept-unknown-input-arch</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dadd_002dneeded-138"><code>--no-add-needed</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dallow_002dshlib_002dundefined-193"><code>--no-allow-shlib-undefined</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002das_002dneeded-136"><code>--no-as-needed</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dbind-324"><code>--no-bind</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dcheck_002dsections-155"><code>--no-check-sections</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dcopy_002ddt_002dneeded_002dentries-157"><code>--no-copy-dt-needed-entries</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002ddefine_002dcommon-161"><code>--no-define-common</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002ddemangle-166"><code>--no-demangle</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002ddotsyms-643"><code>--no-dotsyms</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002denum_002dsize_002dwarning-610"><code>--no-enum-size-warning</code></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dexport_002ddynamic-34"><code>--no-export-dynamic</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dfatal_002dwarnings-171"><code>--no-fatal-warnings</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dfix_002darm1176-608"><code>--no-fix-arm1176</code></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="i960.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dfix_002dcortex_002da8-577"><code>--no-fix-cortex-a8</code></a>: <a href="i960.html#i960">i960</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dgc_002dsections-174"><code>--no-gc-sections</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002disolation-322"><code>--no-isolation</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dkeep_002dmemory-187"><code>--no-keep-memory</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dleading_002dunderscore-283"><code>--no-leading-underscore</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="i960.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dmerge_002dexidx_002dentries-579"><code>--no-merge-exidx-entries</code></a>: <a href="i960.html#i960">i960</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dmerge_002dexidx_002dentries-329"><code>--no-merge-exidx-entries</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dmulti_002dtoc-653"><code>--no-multi-toc</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002domagic-76"><code>--no-omagic</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dopd_002doptimize-647"><code>--no-opd-optimize</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002doverlays-669"><code>--no-overlays</code></a>: <a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">SPU ELF</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dplt_002dalign-658"><code>--no-plt-align</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dplt_002dstatic_002dchain-661"><code>--no-plt-static-chain</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dplt_002dthread_002dsafe-664"><code>--no-plt-thread-safe</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dprint_002dgc_002dsections-177"><code>--no-print-gc-sections</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dseh-323"><code>--no-seh</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dtls_002doptimize-645"><code>--no-tls-optimize</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dtls_002doptimize-635"><code>--no-tls-optimize</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">PowerPC ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dtoc_002doptimize-651"><code>--no-toc-optimize</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dtoc_002dsort-655"><code>--no-toc-sort</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dtrampoline-330"><code>--no-trampoline</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dundefined-188"><code>--no-undefined</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dundefined_002dversion-194"><code>--no-undefined-version</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dwarn_002dmismatch-197"><code>--no-warn-mismatch</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dwarn_002dsearch_002dmismatch-198"><code>--no-warn-search-mismatch</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dwchar_002dsize_002dwarning-612"><code>--no-wchar-size-warning</code></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dwhole_002darchive-199"><code>--no-whole-archive</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dnoinhibit_002dexec-201"><code>--noinhibit-exec</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-g_t_002d_002dnon_002doverlapping_002dopd-649"><code>--non-overlapping-opd</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dnxcompat-321"><code>--nxcompat</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002doformat_003d_0040var_007boutput_002dformat_007d-203"><code>--oformat=</code><var>output-format</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002domagic-73"><code>--omagic</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dout_002dimplib-305"><code>--out-implib</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002doutput_002ddef-303"><code>--output-def</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002doutput_003d_0040var_007boutput_007d-79"><code>--output=</code><var>output</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dpic_002dexecutable-205"><code>--pic-executable</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002dpic_002dveneer-614"><code>--pic-veneer</code></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-g_t_002d_002dplt_002dalign-657"><code>--plt-align</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-g_t_002d_002dplt_002dstatic_002dchain-660"><code>--plt-static-chain</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-g_t_002d_002dplt_002dthread_002dsafe-663"><code>--plt-thread-safe</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#index-g_t_002d_002dplugin-667"><code>--plugin</code></a>: <a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">SPU ELF</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dprint_002dgc_002dsections-176"><code>--print-gc-sections</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dprint_002dmap-67"><code>--print-map</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dprint_002doutput_002dformat-179"><code>--print-output-format</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dreduce_002dmemory_002doverheads-272"><code>--reduce-memory-overheads</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002drelax-209"><code>--relax</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="i960.html#index-g_t_0040option_007b_002d_002drelax_007d-on-i960-573"><samp><span class="option">--relax</span></samp> on i960</a>: <a href="i960.html#i960">i960</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#index-g_t_002d_002drelax-on-PowerPC-625"><code>--relax on PowerPC</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">PowerPC ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="Xtensa.html#index-g_t_0040option_007b_002d_002drelax_007d-on-Xtensa-694"><samp><span class="option">--relax</span></samp> on Xtensa</a>: <a href="Xtensa.html#Xtensa">Xtensa</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002drelocatable-91"><code>--relocatable</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dretain_002dsymbols_002dfile_003d_0040var_007bfilename_007d-216"><code>--retain-symbols-file=</code><var>filename</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dscript_003d_0040var_007bscript_007d-105"><code>--script=</code><var>script</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#index-g_t_002d_002dsdata_002dgot-631"><code>--sdata-got</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">PowerPC ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dsection_002dalignment-315"><code>--section-alignment</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dsection_002dstart_003d_0040var_007bsectionname_007d_003d_0040var_007borg_007d-234"><code>--section-start=</code><var>sectionname</var><code>=</code><var>org</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#index-g_t_002d_002dsecure_002dplt-629"><code>--secure-plt</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">PowerPC ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dsort_002dcommon-224"><code>--sort-common</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dsort_002dsection_003dalignment-226"><code>--sort-section=alignment</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dsort_002dsection_003dname-225"><code>--sort-section=name</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dsplit_002dby_002dfile-227"><code>--split-by-file</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dsplit_002dby_002dreloc-228"><code>--split-by-reloc</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dstack-317"><code>--stack</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#index-g_t_002d_002dstack_002danalysis-677"><code>--stack-analysis</code></a>: <a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">SPU ELF</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dstats-229"><code>--stats</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dstrip_002dall-96"><code>--strip-all</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dstrip_002ddebug-99"><code>--strip-debug</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-g_t_002d_002dstub_002dgroup_002dsize-638"><code>--stub-group-size</code></a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="HPPA-ELF32.html#index-g_t_002d_002dstub_002dgroup_002dsize_003d_0040var_007bN_007d-620"><code>--stub-group-size=</code><var>N</var></a>: <a href="HPPA-ELF32.html#HPPA-ELF32">HPPA ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002dstub_002dgroup_002dsize_003d_0040var_007bN_007d-616"><code>--stub-group-size=</code><var>N</var></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dsubsystem-318"><code>--subsystem</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002dsupport_002dold_002dcode-585"><code>--support-old-code</code></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dsysroot_003d_0040var_007bdirectory_007d-230"><code>--sysroot=</code><var>directory</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dtarget_002dhelp-184"><code>--target-help</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002dtarget1_002dabs-595"><code>--target1-abs</code></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002dtarget1_002drel-594"><code>--target1-rel</code></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002dtarget2_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-597"><code>--target2=</code><var>type</var></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002dthumb_002dentry_003d_0040var_007bentry_007d-588"><code>--thumb-entry=</code><var>entry</var></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dtrace-102"><code>--trace</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dtrace_002dsymbol_003d_0040var_007bsymbol_007d-127"><code>--trace-symbol=</code><var>symbol</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dtraditional_002dformat-231"><code>--traditional-format</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dtsaware-326"><code>--tsaware</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dundefined_003d_0040var_007bsymbol_007d-111"><code>--undefined=</code><var>symbol</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dunique_005b_003d_0040var_007bSECTION_007d_005d-115"><code>--unique[=</code><var>SECTION</var><code>]</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dunresolved_002dsymbols-243"><code>--unresolved-symbols</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002duse_002dblx-603"><code>--use-blx</code></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002duse_002dnul_002dprefixed_002dimport_002dtables-590"><code>--use-nul-prefixed-import-tables</code></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dverbose_005b_003d_0040var_007bNUMBER_007d_005d-244"><code>--verbose[=</code><var>NUMBER</var><code>]</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dversion-118"><code>--version</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dversion_002dscript_003d_0040var_007bversion_002dscriptfile_007d-246"><code>--version-script=</code><var>version-scriptfile</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-g_t_002d_002dvfp11_002ddenorm_002dfix-605"><code>--vfp11-denorm-fix</code></a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dwarn_002dalternate_002dem-260"><code>--warn-alternate-em</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dwarn_002dcommon-248"><code>--warn-common</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dwarn_002dconstructors-251"><code>--warn-constructors</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dwarn_002dmultiple_002dgp-252"><code>--warn-multiple-gp</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dwarn_002donce-253"><code>--warn-once</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dwarn_002dsection_002dalign-256"><code>--warn-section-align</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dwarn_002dshared_002dtextrel-259"><code>--warn-shared-textrel</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dwarn_002dunresolved_002dsymbols-261"><code>--warn-unresolved-symbols</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dwdmdriver-325"><code>--wdmdriver</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dwhole_002darchive-263"><code>--whole-archive</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dwrap_003d_0040var_007bsymbol_007d-265"><code>--wrap=</code><var>symbol</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dA-_0040var_007barch_007d-10"><code>-A </code><var>arch</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002da-_0040var_007bkeyword_007d-7"><code>-a </code><var>keyword</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dassert-_0040var_007bkeyword_007d-139"><code>-assert </code><var>keyword</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002db-_0040var_007bformat_007d-13"><code>-b </code><var>format</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dBdynamic-140"><code>-Bdynamic</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dBgroup-143"><code>-Bgroup</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dBshareable-222"><code>-Bshareable</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dBstatic-144"><code>-Bstatic</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dBsymbolic-148"><code>-Bsymbolic</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dBsymbolic_002dfunctions-149"><code>-Bsymbolic-functions</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dc-_0040var_007bMRI_002dcmdfile_007d-17"><code>-c </code><var>MRI-cmdfile</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dcall_005fshared-142"><code>-call_shared</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dd-21"><code>-d</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002ddc-22"><code>-dc</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002ddn-145"><code>-dn</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002ddp-23"><code>-dp</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002ddT-_0040var_007bscript_007d-107"><code>-dT </code><var>script</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002ddy-141"><code>-dy</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dE-32"><code>-E</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002de-_0040var_007bentry_007d-27"><code>-e </code><var>entry</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dEB-37"><code>-EB</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dEL-39"><code>-EL</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dF-_0040var_007bname_007d-42"><code>-F </code><var>name</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002df-_0040var_007bname_007d-40"><code>-f </code><var>name</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dfini_003d_0040var_007bname_007d-45"><code>-fini=</code><var>name</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dg-46"><code>-g</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dG-_0040var_007bvalue_007d-47"><code>-G </code><var>value</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dh-_0040var_007bname_007d-51"><code>-h </code><var>name</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002di-53"><code>-i</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dI_0040var_007bfile_007d-168"><code>-I</code><var>file</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dinit_003d_0040var_007bname_007d-56"><code>-init=</code><var>name</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dL-_0040var_007bdir_007d-61"><code>-L </code><var>dir</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dl-_0040var_007bnamespec_007d-58"><code>-l </code><var>namespec</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dM-66"><code>-M</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dm-_0040var_007bemulation_007d-64"><code>-m </code><var>emulation</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dMap_003d_0040var_007bmapfile_007d-185"><code>-Map=</code><var>mapfile</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dN-72"><code>-N</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dn-68"><code>-n</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002drelax-212">&ndash;no-relax</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dnon_005fshared-146"><code>-non_shared</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dnostdlib-202"><code>-nostdlib</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dO-_0040var_007blevel_007d-81"><code>-O </code><var>level</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002do-_0040var_007boutput_007d-78"><code>-o </code><var>output</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dP-_0040var_007bAUDITLIB_007d-25"><code>-P </code><var>AUDITLIB</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dpie-204"><code>-pie</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dq-83"><code>-q</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dqmagic-207"><code>-qmagic</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dQy-208"><code>-Qy</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dr-90"><code>-r</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dR-_0040var_007bfile_007d-92"><code>-R </code><var>file</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002drpath_002dlink_003d_0040var_007bdir_007d-220"><code>-rpath-link=</code><var>dir</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002drpath_003d_0040var_007bdir_007d-218"><code>-rpath=</code><var>dir</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dS-98"><code>-S</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002ds-95"><code>-s</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dshared-221"><code>-shared</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dsoname_003d_0040var_007bname_007d-52"><code>-soname=</code><var>name</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dstatic-147"><code>-static</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dt-101"><code>-t</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dT-_0040var_007bscript_007d-104"><code>-T </code><var>script</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dTbss_003d_0040var_007borg_007d-235"><code>-Tbss=</code><var>org</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dTdata_003d_0040var_007borg_007d-236"><code>-Tdata=</code><var>org</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dTrodata_002dsegment_003d_0040var_007borg_007d-241"><code>-Trodata-segment=</code><var>org</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dTtext_002dsegment_003d_0040var_007borg_007d-239"><code>-Ttext-segment=</code><var>org</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dTtext_003d_0040var_007borg_007d-237"><code>-Ttext=</code><var>org</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002du-_0040var_007bsymbol_007d-110"><code>-u </code><var>symbol</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dUr-113"><code>-Ur</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dV-117"><code>-V</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dv-116"><code>-v</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dX-123"><code>-X</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dx-120"><code>-x</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dY-_0040var_007bpath_007d-129"><code>-Y </code><var>path</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dy-_0040var_007bsymbol_007d-126"><code>-y </code><var>symbol</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dz-defs-189"><code>-z defs</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dz-_0040var_007bkeyword_007d-130"><code>-z </code><var>keyword</var></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-g_t_002dz-muldefs-191"><code>-z muldefs</code></a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Location-Counter.html#index-g_t_002e-515"><code>.</code></a>: <a href="Location-Counter.html#Location-Counter">Location Counter</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Discarding.html#index-g_t_002fDISCARD_002f-443">/DISCARD/</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Discarding.html#Output-Section-Discarding">Output Section Discarding</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Phdr.html#index-g_t_003a_0040var_007bphdr_007d-466"><code>:</code><var>phdr</var></a>: <a href="Output-Section-Phdr.html#Output-Section-Phdr">Output Section Phdr</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Fill.html#index-g_t_003d_0040var_007bfillexp_007d-469"><code>=</code><var>fillexp</var></a>: <a href="Output-Section-Fill.html#Output-Section-Fill">Output Section Fill</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Region.html#index-g_t_003e_0040var_007bregion_007d-463"><code>&gt;</code><var>region</var></a>: <a href="Output-Section-Region.html#Output-Section-Region">Output Section Region</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Common.html#index-g_t_005bCOMMON_005d-420">[COMMON]</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Common.html#Input-Section-Common">Input Section Common</a></li>
<li><a href="MRI.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bABSOLUTE_007d-_0028MRI_0029-717"><code>ABSOLUTE</code> (MRI)</a>: <a href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a></li>
<li><a href="Expression-Section.html#index-absolute-and-relocatable-symbols-530">absolute and relocatable symbols</a>: <a href="Expression-Section.html#Expression-Section">Expression Section</a></li>
<li><a href="Expression-Section.html#index-absolute-expressions-528">absolute expressions</a>: <a href="Expression-Section.html#Expression-Section">Expression Section</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-ABSOLUTE_0028_0040var_007bexp_007d_0029-534"><code>ABSOLUTE(</code><var>exp</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-ADDR_0028_0040var_007bsection_007d_0029-536"><code>ADDR(</code><var>section</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Address.html#index-address_002c-section-402">address, section</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Address.html#Output-Section-Address">Output Section Address</a></li>
<li><a href="MRI.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bALIAS_007d-_0028MRI_0029-718"><code>ALIAS</code> (MRI)</a>: <a href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a></li>
<li><a href="MRI.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bALIGN_007d-_0028MRI_0029-719"><code>ALIGN</code> (MRI)</a>: <a href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-align-expression-543">align expression</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-align-location-counter-541">align location counter</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-ALIGN_0028_0040var_007balign_007d_0029-538"><code>ALIGN(</code><var>align</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-ALIGN_0028_0040var_007bexp_007d_002c_0040var_007balign_007d_0029-539"><code>ALIGN(</code><var>exp</var><code>,</code><var>align</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Forced-Output-Alignment.html#index-ALIGN_0028_0040var_007bsection_005falign_007d_0029-454"><code>ALIGN(</code><var>section_align</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Forced-Output-Alignment.html#Forced-Output-Alignment">Forced Output Alignment</a></li>
<li><a href="WIN32.html#index-aligned-common-symbols-692">aligned common symbols</a>: <a href="WIN32.html#WIN32">WIN32</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-ALIGNOF_0028_0040var_007bsection_007d_0029-544"><code>ALIGNOF(</code><var>section</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="MEMORY.html#index-allocating-memory-477">allocating memory</a>: <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-architecture-391">architecture</a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-architectures-9">architectures</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-archive-files_002c-from-cmd-line-57">archive files, from cmd line</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-archive-search-path-in-linker-script-366">archive search path in linker script</a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Expressions.html#index-arithmetic-498">arithmetic</a>: <a href="Expressions.html#Expressions">Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="Operators.html#index-arithmetic-operators-523">arithmetic operators</a>: <a href="Operators.html#Operators">Operators</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-ARM-interworking-support-584">ARM interworking support</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-ARM1176-erratum-workaround-606">ARM1176 erratum workaround</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-AS_005fNEEDED_0028_0040var_007bfiles_007d_0029-361"><code>AS_NEEDED(</code><var>files</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-ASSERT-377"><code>ASSERT</code></a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-assertion-in-linker-script-378">assertion in linker script</a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Assignments.html#index-assignment-in-scripts-393">assignment in scripts</a>: <a href="Assignments.html#Assignments">Assignments</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#index-AT_0028_0040var_007blma_007d_0029-449"><code>AT(</code><var>lma</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#Output-Section-LMA">Output Section LMA</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#index-AT_003e_0040var_007blma_005fregion_007d-448"><code>AT&gt;</code><var>lma_region</var></a>: <a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#Output-Section-LMA">Output Section LMA</a></li>
<li><a href="WIN32.html#index-automatic-data-imports-688">automatic data imports</a>: <a href="WIN32.html#WIN32">WIN32</a></li>
<li><a href="BFD.html#index-back-end-697">back end</a>: <a href="BFD.html#BFD">BFD</a></li>
<li><a href="MRI.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bBASE_007d-_0028MRI_0029-720"><code>BASE</code> (MRI)</a>: <a href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-BE8-591">BE8</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Canonical-format.html#index-BFD-canonical-format-704">BFD canonical format</a>: <a href="Canonical-format.html#Canonical-format">Canonical format</a></li>
<li><a href="BFD.html#index-BFD-requirements-701">BFD requirements</a>: <a href="BFD.html#BFD">BFD</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-big_002dendian-objects-35">big-endian objects</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-binary-input-format-12">binary input format</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-BLOCK_0028_0040var_007bexp_007d_0029-546"><code>BLOCK(</code><var>exp</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Bug-Criteria.html#index-bug-criteria-708">bug criteria</a>: <a href="Bug-Criteria.html#Bug-Criteria">Bug Criteria</a></li>
<li><a href="Bug-Reporting.html#index-bug-reports-714">bug reports</a>: <a href="Bug-Reporting.html#Bug-Reporting">Bug Reporting</a></li>
<li><a href="Reporting-Bugs.html#index-bugs-in-_0040command_007bld_007d-706">bugs in <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp></a>: <a href="Reporting-Bugs.html#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Data.html#index-BYTE_0028_0040var_007bexpression_007d_0029-426"><code>BYTE(</code><var>expression</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">Output Section Data</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#index-C_002b_002b-constructors_002c-arranging-in-link-438">C++ constructors, arranging in link</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#Output-Section-Keywords">Output Section Keywords</a></li>
<li><a href="MRI.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bCHIP_007d-_0028MRI_0029-721"><code>CHIP</code> (MRI)</a>: <a href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a></li>
<li><a href="Environment.html#index-COLLECT_005fNO_005fDEMANGLE-338"><code>COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE</code></a>: <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-combining-symbols_002c-warnings-on-250">combining symbols, warnings on</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Scripts.html#index-command-files-342">command files</a>: <a href="Scripts.html#Scripts">Scripts</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-command-line-3">command line</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-common-allocation-20">common allocation</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-common-allocation-in-linker-script-382">common allocation in linker script</a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Common.html#index-common-symbol-placement-416">common symbol placement</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Common.html#Input-Section-Common">Input Section Common</a></li>
<li><a href="Symbolic-Constants.html#index-COMMONPAGESIZE-509"><code>COMMONPAGESIZE</code></a>: <a href="Symbolic-Constants.html#Symbolic-Constants">Symbolic Constants</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-compatibility_002c-MRI-19">compatibility, MRI</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Symbolic-Constants.html#index-CONSTANT-507"><code>CONSTANT</code></a>: <a href="Symbolic-Constants.html#Symbolic-Constants">Symbolic Constants</a></li>
<li><a href="Constants.html#index-constants-in-linker-scripts-500">constants in linker scripts</a>: <a href="Constants.html#Constants">Constants</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Constraint.html#index-constraints-on-output-sections-462">constraints on output sections</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Constraint.html#Output-Section-Constraint">Output Section Constraint</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#index-CONSTRUCTORS-437"><code>CONSTRUCTORS</code></a>: <a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#Output-Section-Keywords">Output Section Keywords</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-constructors-114">constructors</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#index-constructors_002c-arranging-in-link-439">constructors, arranging in link</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#Output-Section-Keywords">Output Section Keywords</a></li>
<li><a href="i960.html#index-Cortex_002dA8-erratum-workaround-575">Cortex-A8 erratum workaround</a>: <a href="i960.html#i960">i960</a></li>
<li><a href="Bug-Criteria.html#index-crash-of-linker-711">crash of linker</a>: <a href="Bug-Criteria.html#Bug-Criteria">Bug Criteria</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#index-CREATE_005fOBJECT_005fSYMBOLS-434"><code>CREATE_OBJECT_SYMBOLS</code></a>: <a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#Output-Section-Keywords">Output Section Keywords</a></li>
<li><a href="WIN32.html#index-creating-a-DEF-file-686">creating a DEF file</a>: <a href="WIN32.html#WIN32">WIN32</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-cross-reference-table-158">cross reference table</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-cross-references-388">cross references</a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Location-Counter.html#index-current-output-location-518">current output location</a>: <a href="Location-Counter.html#Location-Counter">Location Counter</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Data.html#index-data-423">data</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">Output Section Data</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-DATA_005fSEGMENT_005fALIGN_0028_0040var_007bmaxpagesize_007d_002c-_0040var_007bcommonpagesize_007d_0029-547"><code>DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN(</code><var>maxpagesize</var><code>, </code><var>commonpagesize</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-DATA_005fSEGMENT_005fEND_0028_0040var_007bexp_007d_0029-548"><code>DATA_SEGMENT_END(</code><var>exp</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-DATA_005fSEGMENT_005fRELRO_005fEND_0028_0040var_007boffset_007d_002c-_0040var_007bexp_007d_0029-549"><code>DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END(</code><var>offset</var><code>, </code><var>exp</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-dbx-233">dbx</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-DEF-files_002c-creating-301">DEF files, creating</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Environment.html#index-default-emulation-336">default emulation</a>: <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="Environment.html#index-default-input-format-334">default input format</a>: <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-DEFINED_0028_0040var_007bsymbol_007d_0029-550"><code>DEFINED(</code><var>symbol</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-deleting-local-symbols-122">deleting local symbols</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Environment.html#index-demangling_002c-default-339">demangling, default</a>: <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-demangling_002c-from-command-line-164">demangling, from command line</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="WIN32.html#index-direct-linking-to-a-dll-690">direct linking to a dll</a>: <a href="WIN32.html#WIN32">WIN32</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Discarding.html#index-discarding-sections-440">discarding sections</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Discarding.html#Output-Section-Discarding">Output Section Discarding</a></li>
<li><a href="MEMORY.html#index-discontinuous-memory-478">discontinuous memory</a>: <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-DLLs_002c-creating-284">DLLs, creating</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-DLLs_002c-linking-to-308">DLLs, linking to</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Location-Counter.html#index-dot-516">dot</a>: <a href="Location-Counter.html#Location-Counter">Location Counter</a></li>
<li><a href="Location-Counter.html#index-dot-inside-sections-520">dot inside sections</a>: <a href="Location-Counter.html#Location-Counter">Location Counter</a></li>
<li><a href="Location-Counter.html#index-dot-outside-sections-521">dot outside sections</a>: <a href="Location-Counter.html#Location-Counter">Location Counter</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-dynamic-linker_002c-from-command-line-167">dynamic linker, from command line</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-dynamic-symbol-table-31">dynamic symbol table</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="PHDRS.html#index-ELF-program-headers-488">ELF program headers</a>: <a href="PHDRS.html#PHDRS">PHDRS</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-emulation-63">emulation</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Environment.html#index-emulation_002c-default-337">emulation, default</a>: <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="MRI.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bEND_007d-_0028MRI_0029-722"><code>END</code> (MRI)</a>: <a href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-endianness-36">endianness</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Entry-Point.html#index-entry-point-351">entry point</a>: <a href="Entry-Point.html#Entry-Point">Entry Point</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-entry-point_002c-from-command-line-26">entry point, from command line</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-entry-point_002c-thumb-587">entry point, thumb</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Entry-Point.html#index-ENTRY_0028_0040var_007bsymbol_007d_0029-348"><code>ENTRY(</code><var>symbol</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Entry-Point.html#Entry-Point">Entry Point</a></li>
<li><a href="Bug-Criteria.html#index-error-on-valid-input-712">error on valid input</a>: <a href="Bug-Criteria.html#Bug-Criteria">Bug Criteria</a></li>
<li><a href="Simple-Example.html#index-example-of-linker-script-346">example of linker script</a>: <a href="Simple-Example.html#Simple-Example">Simple Example</a></li>
<li><a href="WIN32.html#index-exporting-DLL-symbols-683">exporting DLL symbols</a>: <a href="WIN32.html#WIN32">WIN32</a></li>
<li><a href="Evaluation.html#index-expression-evaluation-order-526">expression evaluation order</a>: <a href="Evaluation.html#Evaluation">Evaluation</a></li>
<li><a href="Expression-Section.html#index-expression-sections-527">expression sections</a>: <a href="Expression-Section.html#Expression-Section">Expression Section</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-expression_002c-absolute-535">expression, absolute</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Expressions.html#index-expressions-497">expressions</a>: <a href="Expressions.html#Expressions">Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-EXTERN-379"><code>EXTERN</code></a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Bug-Criteria.html#index-fatal-signal-709">fatal signal</a>: <a href="Bug-Criteria.html#Bug-Criteria">Bug Criteria</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#index-file-name-wildcard-patterns-409">file name wildcard patterns</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#Input-Section-Wildcards">Input Section Wildcards</a></li>
<li><a href="PHDRS.html#index-FILEHDR-491"><code>FILEHDR</code></a>: <a href="PHDRS.html#PHDRS">PHDRS</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#index-filename-symbols-436">filename symbols</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#Output-Section-Keywords">Output Section Keywords</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Fill.html#index-fill-pattern_002c-entire-section-471">fill pattern, entire section</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Fill.html#Output-Section-Fill">Output Section Fill</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Data.html#index-FILL_0028_0040var_007bexpression_007d_0029-431"><code>FILL(</code><var>expression</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">Output Section Data</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-finalization-function-44">finalization function</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-first-input-file-369">first input file</a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Entry-Point.html#index-first-instruction-350">first instruction</a>: <a href="Entry-Point.html#Entry-Point">Entry Point</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-FIX_005fV4BX-598">FIX_V4BX</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-FIX_005fV4BX_005fINTERWORKING-600">FIX_V4BX_INTERWORKING</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-FORCE_005fCOMMON_005fALLOCATION-381"><code>FORCE_COMMON_ALLOCATION</code></a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Forced-Input-Alignment.html#index-forcing-input-section-alignment-458">forcing input section alignment</a>: <a href="Forced-Input-Alignment.html#Forced-Input-Alignment">Forced Input Alignment</a></li>
<li><a href="Forced-Output-Alignment.html#index-forcing-output-section-alignment-455">forcing output section alignment</a>: <a href="Forced-Output-Alignment.html#Forced-Output-Alignment">Forced Output Alignment</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-forcing-the-creation-of-dynamic-sections-87">forcing the creation of dynamic sections</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="MRI.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bFORMAT_007d-_0028MRI_0029-723"><code>FORMAT</code> (MRI)</a>: <a href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-functions-in-expressions-533">functions in expressions</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Keep.html#index-garbage-collection-422">garbage collection</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Keep.html#Input-Section-Keep">Input Section Keep</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-garbage-collection-175">garbage collection</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-generating-optimized-output-82">generating optimized output</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Overview.html#index-g_t_0040sc_007bgnu_007d-linker-1"><span class="sc">gnu</span> linker</a>: <a href="Overview.html#Overview">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="Environment.html#index-GNUTARGET-333"><code>GNUTARGET</code></a>: <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-GROUP_0028_0040var_007bfiles_007d_0029-359"><code>GROUP(</code><var>files</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-grouping-input-files-360">grouping input files</a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-groups-of-archives-132">groups of archives</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="H8_002f300.html#index-H8_002f300-support-569">H8/300 support</a>: <a href="H8_002f300.html#H8_002f300">H8/300</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-header-size-564">header size</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-heap-size-289">heap size</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-help-181">help</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="HIDDEN.html#index-HIDDEN-396">HIDDEN</a>: <a href="HIDDEN.html#HIDDEN">HIDDEN</a></li>
<li><a href="Location-Counter.html#index-holes-519">holes</a>: <a href="Location-Counter.html#Location-Counter">Location Counter</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Data.html#index-holes_002c-filling-432">holes, filling</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">Output Section Data</a></li>
<li><a href="HPPA-ELF32.html#index-HPPA-multiple-sub_002dspace-stubs-617">HPPA multiple sub-space stubs</a>: <a href="HPPA-ELF32.html#HPPA-ELF32">HPPA ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="HPPA-ELF32.html#index-HPPA-stub-grouping-619">HPPA stub grouping</a>: <a href="HPPA-ELF32.html#HPPA-ELF32">HPPA ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="i960.html#index-i960-support-572">i960 support</a>: <a href="i960.html#i960">i960</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-image-base-291">image base</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Implicit-Linker-Scripts.html#index-implicit-linker-scripts-567">implicit linker scripts</a>: <a href="Implicit-Linker-Scripts.html#Implicit-Linker-Scripts">Implicit Linker Scripts</a></li>
<li><a href="WIN32.html#index-import-libraries-682">import libraries</a>: <a href="WIN32.html#WIN32">WIN32</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-INCLUDE-_0040var_007bfilename_007d-353"><code>INCLUDE </code><var>filename</var></a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-including-a-linker-script-354">including a linker script</a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-including-an-entire-archive-264">including an entire archive</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-incremental-link-54">incremental link</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-INHIBIT_005fCOMMON_005fALLOCATION-383"><code>INHIBIT_COMMON_ALLOCATION</code></a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-initialization-function-55">initialization function</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#index-initialized-data-in-ROM-453">initialized data in ROM</a>: <a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#Output-Section-LMA">Output Section LMA</a></li>
<li><a href="Format-Commands.html#index-input-file-format-in-linker-script-373">input file format in linker script</a>: <a href="Format-Commands.html#Format-Commands">Format Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#index-input-filename-symbols-435">input filename symbols</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#Output-Section-Keywords">Output Section Keywords</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-input-files-in-linker-scripts-356">input files in linker scripts</a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-input-files_002c-displaying-103">input files, displaying</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-input-format-15">input format</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-input-object-files-in-linker-scripts-357">input object files in linker scripts</a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Forced-Input-Alignment.html#index-input-section-alignment-459">input section alignment</a>: <a href="Forced-Input-Alignment.html#Forced-Input-Alignment">Forced Input Alignment</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Basics.html#index-input-section-basics-406">input section basics</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Basics.html#Input-Section-Basics">Input Section Basics</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#index-input-section-wildcards-407">input section wildcards</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#Input-Section-Wildcards">Input Section Wildcards</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section.html#index-input-sections-404">input sections</a>: <a href="Input-Section.html#Input-Section">Input Section</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-INPUT_0028_0040var_007bfiles_007d_0029-355"><code>INPUT(</code><var>files</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-INSERT-385"><code>INSERT</code></a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-insert-user-script-into-default-script-386">insert user script into default script</a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Constants.html#index-integer-notation-499">integer notation</a>: <a href="Constants.html#Constants">Constants</a></li>
<li><a href="Constants.html#index-integer-suffixes-505">integer suffixes</a>: <a href="Constants.html#Constants">Constants</a></li>
<li><a href="Canonical-format.html#index-internal-object_002dfile-format-705">internal object-file format</a>: <a href="Canonical-format.html#Canonical-format">Canonical format</a></li>
<li><a href="Bug-Criteria.html#index-invalid-input-713">invalid input</a>: <a href="Bug-Criteria.html#Bug-Criteria">Bug Criteria</a></li>
<li><a href="Constants.html#index-K-and-M-integer-suffixes-502">K and M integer suffixes</a>: <a href="Constants.html#Constants">Constants</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Keep.html#index-KEEP-421">KEEP</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Keep.html#Input-Section-Keep">Input Section Keep</a></li>
<li><a href="MEMORY.html#index-l-_003d-485"><code>l =</code></a>: <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a></li>
<li><a href="Evaluation.html#index-lazy-evaluation-525">lazy evaluation</a>: <a href="Evaluation.html#Evaluation">Evaluation</a></li>
<li><a href="Bug-Reporting.html#index-g_t_0040command_007bld_007d-bugs_002c-reporting-715"><samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> bugs, reporting</a>: <a href="Bug-Reporting.html#Bug-Reporting">Bug Reporting</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-LD_005fFEATURE_0028_0040var_007bstring_007d_0029-392"><code>LD_FEATURE(</code><var>string</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Environment.html#index-LDEMULATION-335"><code>LDEMULATION</code></a>: <a href="Environment.html#Environment">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="MEMORY.html#index-len-_003d-484"><code>len =</code></a>: <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a></li>
<li><a href="MEMORY.html#index-LENGTH-_003d-483"><code>LENGTH =</code></a>: <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-LENGTH_0028_0040var_007bmemory_007d_0029-552"><code>LENGTH(</code><var>memory</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-library-search-path-in-linker-script-365">library search path in linker script</a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-link-map-65">link map</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-link_002dtime-runtime-library-search-path-219">link-time runtime library search path</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Bug-Criteria.html#index-linker-crash-710">linker crash</a>: <a href="Bug-Criteria.html#Bug-Criteria">Bug Criteria</a></li>
<li><a href="Basic-Script-Concepts.html#index-linker-script-concepts-343">linker script concepts</a>: <a href="Basic-Script-Concepts.html#Basic-Script-Concepts">Basic Script Concepts</a></li>
<li><a href="Simple-Example.html#index-linker-script-example-345">linker script example</a>: <a href="Simple-Example.html#Simple-Example">Simple Example</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-linker-script-file-commands-352">linker script file commands</a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Script-Format.html#index-linker-script-format-344">linker script format</a>: <a href="Script-Format.html#Script-Format">Script Format</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-linker-script-input-object-files-358">linker script input object files</a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Simple-Commands.html#index-linker-script-simple-commands-347">linker script simple commands</a>: <a href="Simple-Commands.html#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Scripts.html#index-linker-scripts-341">linker scripts</a>: <a href="Scripts.html#Scripts">Scripts</a></li>
<li><a href="MRI.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bLIST_007d-_0028MRI_0029-724"><code>LIST</code> (MRI)</a>: <a href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-little_002dendian-objects-38">little-endian objects</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="MRI.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bLOAD_007d-_0028MRI_0029-725"><code>LOAD</code> (MRI)</a>: <a href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#index-load-address-450">load address</a>: <a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#Output-Section-LMA">Output Section LMA</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-LOADADDR_0028_0040var_007bsection_007d_0029-553"><code>LOADADDR(</code><var>section</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Type.html#index-loading_002c-preventing-447">loading, preventing</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Type.html#Output-Section-Type">Output Section Type</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-local-symbols_002c-deleting-125">local symbols, deleting</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Location-Counter.html#index-location-counter-517">location counter</a>: <a href="Location-Counter.html#Location-Counter">Location Counter</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Data.html#index-LONG_0028_0040var_007bexpression_007d_0029-428"><code>LONG(</code><var>expression</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">Output Section Data</a></li>
<li><a href="Constants.html#index-M-and-K-integer-suffixes-503">M and K integer suffixes</a>: <a href="Constants.html#Constants">Constants</a></li>
<li><a href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#index-M68HC11-and-68HC12-support-580">M68HC11 and 68HC12 support</a>: <a href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#M68HC11_002f68HC12">M68HC11/68HC12</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-machine-architecture-390">machine architecture</a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Machine-Dependent.html#index-machine-dependencies-568">machine dependencies</a>: <a href="Machine-Dependent.html#Machine-Dependent">Machine Dependent</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section.html#index-mapping-input-sections-to-output-sections-405">mapping input sections to output sections</a>: <a href="Input-Section.html#Input-Section">Input Section</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-MAX-555"><code>MAX</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Symbolic-Constants.html#index-MAXPAGESIZE-508"><code>MAXPAGESIZE</code></a>: <a href="Symbolic-Constants.html#Symbolic-Constants">Symbolic Constants</a></li>
<li><a href="MEMORY.html#index-MEMORY-474"><code>MEMORY</code></a>: <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a></li>
<li><a href="MEMORY.html#index-memory-region-attributes-479">memory region attributes</a>: <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a></li>
<li><a href="MEMORY.html#index-memory-regions-475">memory regions</a>: <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Region.html#index-memory-regions-and-sections-465">memory regions and sections</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Region.html#Output-Section-Region">Output Section Region</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-memory-usage-186">memory usage</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-MIN-556"><code>MIN</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="M68K.html#index-Motorola-68K-GOT-generation-621">Motorola 68K GOT generation</a>: <a href="M68K.html#M68K">M68K</a></li>
<li><a href="MRI.html#index-MRI-compatibility-716">MRI compatibility</a>: <a href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a></li>
<li><a href="MSP430.html#index-MSP430-extra-sections-623">MSP430 extra sections</a>: <a href="MSP430.html#MSP430">MSP430</a></li>
<li><a href="MRI.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bNAME_007d-_0028MRI_0029-726"><code>NAME</code> (MRI)</a>: <a href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Name.html#index-name_002c-section-400">name, section</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Name.html#Output-Section-Name">Output Section Name</a></li>
<li><a href="Symbols.html#index-names-511">names</a>: <a href="Symbols.html#Symbols">Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-naming-the-output-file-80">naming the output file</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-NEXT_0028_0040var_007bexp_007d_0029-557"><code>NEXT(</code><var>exp</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-NMAGIC-70">NMAGIC</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-NO_005fENUM_005fSIZE_005fWARNING-609">NO_ENUM_SIZE_WARNING</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-NO_005fWCHAR_005fSIZE_005fWARNING-611">NO_WCHAR_SIZE_WARNING</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-NOCROSSREFS_0028_0040var_007bsections_007d_0029-387"><code>NOCROSSREFS(</code><var>sections</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Type.html#index-NOLOAD-445"><code>NOLOAD</code></a>: <a href="Output-Section-Type.html#Output-Section-Type">Output Section Type</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-not-enough-room-for-program-headers-565">not enough room for program headers</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="MEMORY.html#index-o-_003d-481"><code>o =</code></a>: <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a></li>
<li><a href="BFD.html#index-objdump-_002di-700"><code>objdump -i</code></a>: <a href="BFD.html#BFD">BFD</a></li>
<li><a href="BFD.html#index-object-file-management-698">object file management</a>: <a href="BFD.html#BFD">BFD</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-object-files-6">object files</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="BFD.html#index-object-formats-available-699">object formats available</a>: <a href="BFD.html#BFD">BFD</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-object-size-49">object size</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-OMAGIC-75">OMAGIC</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Constraint.html#index-ONLY_005fIF_005fRO-460"><code>ONLY_IF_RO</code></a>: <a href="Output-Section-Constraint.html#Output-Section-Constraint">Output Section Constraint</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Constraint.html#index-ONLY_005fIF_005fRW-461"><code>ONLY_IF_RW</code></a>: <a href="Output-Section-Constraint.html#Output-Section-Constraint">Output Section Constraint</a></li>
<li><a href="BFD-outline.html#index-opening-object-files-703">opening object files</a>: <a href="BFD-outline.html#BFD-outline">BFD outline</a></li>
<li><a href="Operators.html#index-operators-for-arithmetic-522">operators for arithmetic</a>: <a href="Operators.html#Operators">Operators</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-options-4">options</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="MRI.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bORDER_007d-_0028MRI_0029-727"><code>ORDER</code> (MRI)</a>: <a href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a></li>
<li><a href="MEMORY.html#index-org-_003d-482"><code>org =</code></a>: <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a></li>
<li><a href="MEMORY.html#index-ORIGIN-_003d-480"><code>ORIGIN =</code></a>: <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-ORIGIN_0028_0040var_007bmemory_007d_0029-559"><code>ORIGIN(</code><var>memory</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Orphan-Sections.html#index-orphan-514">orphan</a>: <a href="Orphan-Sections.html#Orphan-Sections">Orphan Sections</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-output-file-after-errors-200">output file after errors</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Format-Commands.html#index-output-file-format-in-linker-script-371">output file format in linker script</a>: <a href="Format-Commands.html#Format-Commands">Format Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-output-file-name-in-linker-script-363">output file name in linker script</a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-output-format-180">output format</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Forced-Output-Alignment.html#index-output-section-alignment-456">output section alignment</a>: <a href="Forced-Output-Alignment.html#Forced-Output-Alignment">Forced Output Alignment</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Attributes.html#index-output-section-attributes-444">output section attributes</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Attributes.html#Output-Section-Attributes">Output Section Attributes</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Data.html#index-output-section-data-425">output section data</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">Output Section Data</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-OUTPUT_0028_0040var_007bfilename_007d_0029-362"><code>OUTPUT(</code><var>filename</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-OUTPUT_005fARCH_0028_0040var_007bbfdarch_007d_0029-389"><code>OUTPUT_ARCH(</code><var>bfdarch</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Format-Commands.html#index-OUTPUT_005fFORMAT_0028_0040var_007bbfdname_007d_0029-370"><code>OUTPUT_FORMAT(</code><var>bfdname</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Format-Commands.html#Format-Commands">Format Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Overlay-Description.html#index-OVERLAY-472"><code>OVERLAY</code></a>: <a href="Overlay-Description.html#Overlay-Description">Overlay Description</a></li>
<li><a href="Overlay-Description.html#index-overlays-473">overlays</a>: <a href="Overlay-Description.html#Overlay-Description">Overlay Description</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-partial-link-88">partial link</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-PE-import-table-prefixing-589">PE import table prefixing</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="PHDRS.html#index-PHDRS-486"><code>PHDRS</code></a>: <a href="PHDRS.html#PHDRS">PHDRS</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-PIC_005fVENEER-613">PIC_VENEER</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-position-independent-executables-206">position independent executables</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#index-PowerPC-ELF32-options-626">PowerPC ELF32 options</a>: <a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">PowerPC ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#index-PowerPC-GOT-630">PowerPC GOT</a>: <a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">PowerPC ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#index-PowerPC-long-branches-624">PowerPC long branches</a>: <a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">PowerPC ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#index-PowerPC-PLT-627">PowerPC PLT</a>: <a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">PowerPC ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#index-PowerPC-stub-symbols-632">PowerPC stub symbols</a>: <a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">PowerPC ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#index-PowerPC-TLS-optimization-634">PowerPC TLS optimization</a>: <a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">PowerPC ELF32</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-PowerPC64-dot-symbols-641">PowerPC64 dot symbols</a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-PowerPC64-ELF64-options-636">PowerPC64 ELF64 options</a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-PowerPC64-multi_002dTOC-652">PowerPC64 multi-TOC</a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-PowerPC64-OPD-optimization-646">PowerPC64 OPD optimization</a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-PowerPC64-OPD-spacing-648">PowerPC64 OPD spacing</a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-PowerPC64-PLT-call-stub-static-chain-659">PowerPC64 PLT call stub static chain</a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-PowerPC64-PLT-call-stub-thread-safety-662">PowerPC64 PLT call stub thread safety</a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-PowerPC64-PLT-stub-alignment-656">PowerPC64 PLT stub alignment</a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-PowerPC64-stub-grouping-637">PowerPC64 stub grouping</a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-PowerPC64-stub-symbols-639">PowerPC64 stub symbols</a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-PowerPC64-TLS-optimization-644">PowerPC64 TLS optimization</a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-PowerPC64-TOC-optimization-650">PowerPC64 TOC optimization</a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#index-PowerPC64-TOC-sorting-654">PowerPC64 TOC sorting</a>: <a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a></li>
<li><a href="Operators.html#index-precedence-in-expressions-524">precedence in expressions</a>: <a href="Operators.html#Operators">Operators</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Type.html#index-prevent-unnecessary-loading-446">prevent unnecessary loading</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Type.html#Output-Section-Type">Output Section Type</a></li>
<li><a href="PHDRS.html#index-program-headers-487">program headers</a>: <a href="PHDRS.html#PHDRS">PHDRS</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Phdr.html#index-program-headers-and-sections-468">program headers and sections</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Phdr.html#Output-Section-Phdr">Output Section Phdr</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-program-headers_002c-not-enough-room-566">program headers, not enough room</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="PHDRS.html#index-program-segments-489">program segments</a>: <a href="PHDRS.html#PHDRS">PHDRS</a></li>
<li><a href="PROVIDE.html#index-PROVIDE-397">PROVIDE</a>: <a href="PROVIDE.html#PROVIDE">PROVIDE</a></li>
<li><a href="PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN.html#index-PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN-398">PROVIDE_HIDDEN</a>: <a href="PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN.html#PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN">PROVIDE_HIDDEN</a></li>
<li><a href="MRI.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bPUBLIC_007d-_0028MRI_0029-728"><code>PUBLIC</code> (MRI)</a>: <a href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Data.html#index-QUAD_0028_0040var_007bexpression_007d_0029-429"><code>QUAD(</code><var>expression</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">Output Section Data</a></li>
<li><a href="Symbols.html#index-quoted-symbol-names-512">quoted symbol names</a>: <a href="Symbols.html#Symbols">Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-read_002donly-text-69">read-only text</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-read_002fwrite-from-cmd-line-74">read/write from cmd line</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="REGION_005fALIAS.html#index-region-alias-375">region alias</a>: <a href="REGION_005fALIAS.html#REGION_005fALIAS">REGION_ALIAS</a></li>
<li><a href="REGION_005fALIAS.html#index-region-names-376">region names</a>: <a href="REGION_005fALIAS.html#REGION_005fALIAS">REGION_ALIAS</a></li>
<li><a href="REGION_005fALIAS.html#index-REGION_005fALIAS_0028_0040var_007balias_007d_002c-_0040var_007bregion_007d_0029-374"><code>REGION_ALIAS(</code><var>alias</var><code>, </code><var>region</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="REGION_005fALIAS.html#REGION_005fALIAS">REGION_ALIAS</a></li>
<li><a href="MEMORY.html#index-regions-of-memory-476">regions of memory</a>: <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a></li>
<li><a href="Expression-Section.html#index-relative-expressions-529">relative expressions</a>: <a href="Expression-Section.html#Expression-Section">Expression Section</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-relaxing-addressing-modes-211">relaxing addressing modes</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="H8_002f300.html#index-relaxing-on-H8_002f300-570">relaxing on H8/300</a>: <a href="H8_002f300.html#H8_002f300">H8/300</a></li>
<li><a href="i960.html#index-relaxing-on-i960-574">relaxing on i960</a>: <a href="i960.html#i960">i960</a></li>
<li><a href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#index-relaxing-on-M68HC11-581">relaxing on M68HC11</a>: <a href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#M68HC11_002f68HC12">M68HC11/68HC12</a></li>
<li><a href="Xtensa.html#index-relaxing-on-Xtensa-695">relaxing on Xtensa</a>: <a href="Xtensa.html#Xtensa">Xtensa</a></li>
<li><a href="Expression-Section.html#index-relocatable-and-absolute-symbols-531">relocatable and absolute symbols</a>: <a href="Expression-Section.html#Expression-Section">Expression Section</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-relocatable-output-89">relocatable output</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Discarding.html#index-removing-sections-442">removing sections</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Discarding.html#Output-Section-Discarding">Output Section Discarding</a></li>
<li><a href="Reporting-Bugs.html#index-reporting-bugs-in-_0040command_007bld_007d-707">reporting bugs in <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp></a>: <a href="Reporting-Bugs.html#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></li>
<li><a href="BFD.html#index-requirements-for-BFD-702">requirements for BFD</a>: <a href="BFD.html#BFD">BFD</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-retain-relocations-in-final-executable-85">retain relocations in final executable</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-retaining-specified-symbols-213">retaining specified symbols</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-rodata-segment-origin_002c-cmd-line-242">rodata segment origin, cmd line</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#index-ROM-initialized-data-452">ROM initialized data</a>: <a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#Output-Section-LMA">Output Section LMA</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-round-up-expression-542">round up expression</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-round-up-location-counter-540">round up location counter</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-runtime-library-name-50">runtime library name</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-runtime-library-search-path-217">runtime library search path</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="WIN32.html#index-runtime-pseudo_002drelocation-689">runtime pseudo-relocation</a>: <a href="WIN32.html#WIN32">WIN32</a></li>
<li><a href="Constants.html#index-scaled-integers-501">scaled integers</a>: <a href="Constants.html#Constants">Constants</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Common.html#index-scommon-section-418">scommon section</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Common.html#Input-Section-Common">Input Section Common</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-script-files-106">script files</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Scripts.html#index-scripts-340">scripts</a>: <a href="Scripts.html#Scripts">Scripts</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-search-directory_002c-from-cmd-line-60">search directory, from cmd line</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-search-path-in-linker-script-367">search path in linker script</a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-SEARCH_005fDIR_0028_0040var_007bpath_007d_0029-364"><code>SEARCH_DIR(</code><var>path</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="MRI.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bSECT_007d-_0028MRI_0029-729"><code>SECT</code> (MRI)</a>: <a href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Address.html#index-section-address-403">section address</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Address.html#Output-Section-Address">Output Section Address</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-section-address-in-expression-537">section address in expression</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-section-alignment-545">section alignment</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-section-alignment_002c-warnings-on-258">section alignment, warnings on</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Data.html#index-section-data-424">section data</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">Output Section Data</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Fill.html#index-section-fill-pattern-470">section fill pattern</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Fill.html#Output-Section-Fill">Output Section Fill</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#index-section-load-address-451">section load address</a>: <a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#Output-Section-LMA">Output Section LMA</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-section-load-address-in-expression-554">section load address in expression</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Name.html#index-section-name-401">section name</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Name.html#Output-Section-Name">Output Section Name</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#index-section-name-wildcard-patterns-410">section name wildcard patterns</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#Input-Section-Wildcards">Input Section Wildcards</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-section-size-562">section size</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Region.html#index-section_002c-assigning-to-memory-region-464">section, assigning to memory region</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Region.html#Output-Section-Region">Output Section Region</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Phdr.html#index-section_002c-assigning-to-program-header-467">section, assigning to program header</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Phdr.html#Output-Section-Phdr">Output Section Phdr</a></li>
<li><a href="SECTIONS.html#index-SECTIONS-399"><code>SECTIONS</code></a>: <a href="SECTIONS.html#SECTIONS">SECTIONS</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Discarding.html#index-sections_002c-discarding-441">sections, discarding</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Discarding.html#Output-Section-Discarding">Output Section Discarding</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-segment-origins_002c-cmd-line-238">segment origins, cmd line</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-SEGMENT_005fSTART_0028_0040var_007bsegment_007d_002c-_0040var_007bdefault_007d_0029-560"><code>SEGMENT_START(</code><var>segment</var><code>, </code><var>default</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="PHDRS.html#index-segments_002c-ELF-490">segments, ELF</a>: <a href="PHDRS.html#PHDRS">PHDRS</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-shared-libraries-223">shared libraries</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Data.html#index-SHORT_0028_0040var_007bexpression_007d_0029-427"><code>SHORT(</code><var>expression</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">Output Section Data</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-SIZEOF_0028_0040var_007bsection_007d_0029-561"><code>SIZEOF(</code><var>section</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-SIZEOF_005fHEADERS-563"><code>SIZEOF_HEADERS</code></a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Common.html#index-small-common-symbols-419">small common symbols</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Common.html#Input-Section-Common">Input Section Common</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#index-SORT-414">SORT</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#Input-Section-Wildcards">Input Section Wildcards</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#index-SORT_005fBY_005fALIGNMENT-412">SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#Input-Section-Wildcards">Input Section Wildcards</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#index-SORT_005fBY_005fINIT_005fPRIORITY-413">SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#Input-Section-Wildcards">Input Section Wildcards</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#index-SORT_005fBY_005fNAME-411">SORT_BY_NAME</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#Input-Section-Wildcards">Input Section Wildcards</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#index-SORT_005fNONE-415">SORT_NONE</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#Input-Section-Wildcards">Input Section Wildcards</a></li>
<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#index-SPU-676">SPU</a>: <a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">SPU ELF</a></li>
<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#index-SPU-ELF-options-665">SPU ELF options</a>: <a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">SPU ELF</a></li>
<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#index-SPU-extra-overlay-stubs-672">SPU extra overlay stubs</a>: <a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">SPU ELF</a></li>
<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#index-SPU-local-store-size-674">SPU local store size</a>: <a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">SPU ELF</a></li>
<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#index-SPU-overlay-stub-symbols-670">SPU overlay stub symbols</a>: <a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">SPU ELF</a></li>
<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#index-SPU-overlays-668">SPU overlays</a>: <a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">SPU ELF</a></li>
<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#index-SPU-plugins-666">SPU plugins</a>: <a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">SPU ELF</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Data.html#index-SQUAD_0028_0040var_007bexpression_007d_0029-430"><code>SQUAD(</code><var>expression</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">Output Section Data</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-stack-size-316">stack size</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-standard-Unix-system-5">standard Unix system</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Entry-Point.html#index-start-of-execution-349">start of execution</a>: <a href="Entry-Point.html#Entry-Point">Entry Point</a></li>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#index-STARTUP_0028_0040var_007bfilename_007d_0029-368"><code>STARTUP(</code><var>filename</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-strip-all-symbols-97">strip all symbols</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-strip-debugger-symbols-100">strip debugger symbols</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-stripping-all-but-some-symbols-214">stripping all but some symbols</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-STUB_005fGROUP_005fSIZE-615">STUB_GROUP_SIZE</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Forced-Input-Alignment.html#index-SUBALIGN_0028_0040var_007bsubsection_005falign_007d_0029-457"><code>SUBALIGN(</code><var>subsection_align</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Forced-Input-Alignment.html#Forced-Input-Alignment">Forced Input Alignment</a></li>
<li><a href="Constants.html#index-suffixes-for-integers-504">suffixes for integers</a>: <a href="Constants.html#Constants">Constants</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-symbol-defaults-551">symbol defaults</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Assignments.html#index-symbol-definition_002c-scripts-394">symbol definition, scripts</a>: <a href="Assignments.html#Assignments">Assignments</a></li>
<li><a href="Symbols.html#index-symbol-names-510">symbol names</a>: <a href="Symbols.html#Symbols">Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-symbol-tracing-128">symbol tracing</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="VERSION.html#index-symbol-versions-494">symbol versions</a>: <a href="VERSION.html#VERSION">VERSION</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-symbol_002donly-input-94">symbol-only input</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Symbolic-Constants.html#index-symbolic-constants-506">symbolic constants</a>: <a href="Symbolic-Constants.html#Symbolic-Constants">Symbolic Constants</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-symbols_002c-from-command-line-162">symbols, from command line</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Expression-Section.html#index-symbols_002c-relocatable-and-absolute-532">symbols, relocatable and absolute</a>: <a href="Expression-Section.html#Expression-Section">Expression Section</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-symbols_002c-retaining-selectively-215">symbols, retaining selectively</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-synthesizing-linker-210">synthesizing linker</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="H8_002f300.html#index-synthesizing-on-H8_002f300-571">synthesizing on H8/300</a>: <a href="H8_002f300.html#H8_002f300">H8/300</a></li>
<li><a href="Format-Commands.html#index-TARGET_0028_0040var_007bbfdname_007d_0029-372"><code>TARGET(</code><var>bfdname</var><code>)</code></a>: <a href="Format-Commands.html#Format-Commands">Format Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-TARGET1-593">TARGET1</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-TARGET2-596">TARGET2</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-text-segment-origin_002c-cmd-line-240">text segment origin, cmd line</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-thumb-entry-point-586">thumb entry point</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="TI-COFF.html#index-TI-COFF-versions-680">TI COFF versions</a>: <a href="TI-COFF.html#TI-COFF">TI COFF</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-traditional-format-232">traditional format</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#index-trampoline-generation-on-M68HC11-582">trampoline generation on M68HC11</a>: <a href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#M68HC11_002f68HC12">M68HC11/68HC12</a></li>
<li><a href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#index-trampoline-generation-on-M68HC12-583">trampoline generation on M68HC12</a>: <a href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#M68HC11_002f68HC12">M68HC11/68HC12</a></li>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#index-unallocated-address_002c-next-558">unallocated address, next</a>: <a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-undefined-symbol-112">undefined symbol</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#index-undefined-symbol-in-linker-script-380">undefined symbol in linker script</a>: <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-undefined-symbols_002c-warnings-on-255">undefined symbols, warnings on</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Common.html#index-uninitialized-data-placement-417">uninitialized data placement</a>: <a href="Input-Section-Common.html#Input-Section-Common">Input Section Common</a></li>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Data.html#index-unspecified-memory-433">unspecified memory</a>: <a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">Output Section Data</a></li>
<li><a href="Options.html#index-usage-182">usage</a>: <a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="ARM.html#index-USE_005fBLX-602">USE_BLX</a>: <a href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="WIN32.html#index-using-a-DEF-file-685">using a DEF file</a>: <a href="WIN32.html#WIN32">WIN32</a></li>
<li><a href="WIN32.html#index-using-auto_002dexport-functionality-684">using auto-export functionality</a>: <a href="WIN32.html#WIN32">WIN32</a></li>
<li><a href="WIN32.html#index-Using-decorations-687">Using decorations</a>: <a href="WIN32.html#WIN32">WIN32</a></li>
<li><a href="Assignments.html#index-variables_002c-defining-395">variables, defining</a>: <a href="Assignments.html#Assignments">Assignments</a></li>
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Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Operators.html#Operators">Operators</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Orphan-Sections.html#Orphan-Sections">Orphan Sections</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Expressions.html#Expressions">Expressions</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.10.5 The Location Counter</h4>
<p><a name="index-g_t_002e-515"></a><a name="index-dot-516"></a><a name="index-location-counter-517"></a><a name="index-current-output-location-518"></a>The special linker variable <dfn>dot</dfn> &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo; always contains the
current output location counter. Since the <code>.</code> always refers to a
location in an output section, it may only appear in an expression
within a <code>SECTIONS</code> command. The <code>.</code> symbol may appear
anywhere that an ordinary symbol is allowed in an expression.
<p><a name="index-holes-519"></a>Assigning a value to <code>.</code> will cause the location counter to be
moved. This may be used to create holes in the output section. The
location counter may not be moved backwards inside an output section,
and may not be moved backwards outside of an output section if so
doing creates areas with overlapping LMAs.
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS
{
output :
{
file1(.text)
. = . + 1000;
file2(.text)
. += 1000;
file3(.text)
} = 0x12345678;
}
</pre>
<p class="noindent">In the previous example, the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; section from <samp><span class="file">file1</span></samp> is
located at the beginning of the output section &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">output</span></samp>&rsquo;. It is
followed by a 1000 byte gap. Then the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; section from
<samp><span class="file">file2</span></samp> appears, also with a 1000 byte gap following before the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; section from <samp><span class="file">file3</span></samp>. The notation &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">= 0x12345678</span></samp>&rsquo;
specifies what data to write in the gaps (see <a href="Output-Section-Fill.html#Output-Section-Fill">Output Section Fill</a>).
<p><a name="index-dot-inside-sections-520"></a>Note: <code>.</code> actually refers to the byte offset from the start of the
current containing object. Normally this is the <code>SECTIONS</code>
statement, whose start address is 0, hence <code>.</code> can be used as an
absolute address. If <code>.</code> is used inside a section description
however, it refers to the byte offset from the start of that section,
not an absolute address. Thus in a script like this:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS
{
. = 0x100
.text: {
*(.text)
. = 0x200
}
. = 0x500
.data: {
*(.data)
. += 0x600
}
}
</pre>
<p>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; section will be assigned a starting address of 0x100
and a size of exactly 0x200 bytes, even if there is not enough data in
the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; input sections to fill this area. (If there is too
much data, an error will be produced because this would be an attempt to
move <code>.</code> backwards). The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo; section will start at 0x500
and it will have an extra 0x600 bytes worth of space after the end of
the values from the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo; input sections and before the end of
the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo; output section itself.
<p><a name="index-dot-outside-sections-521"></a>Setting symbols to the value of the location counter outside of an
output section statement can result in unexpected values if the linker
needs to place orphan sections. For example, given the following:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS
{
start_of_text = . ;
.text: { *(.text) }
end_of_text = . ;
start_of_data = . ;
.data: { *(.data) }
end_of_data = . ;
}
</pre>
<p>If the linker needs to place some input section, e.g. <code>.rodata</code>,
not mentioned in the script, it might choose to place that section
between <code>.text</code> and <code>.data</code>. You might think the linker
should place <code>.rodata</code> on the blank line in the above script, but
blank lines are of no particular significance to the linker. As well,
the linker doesn't associate the above symbol names with their
sections. Instead, it assumes that all assignments or other
statements belong to the previous output section, except for the
special case of an assignment to <code>.</code>. I.e., the linker will
place the orphan <code>.rodata</code> section as if the script was written
as follows:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS
{
start_of_text = . ;
.text: { *(.text) }
end_of_text = . ;
start_of_data = . ;
.rodata: { *(.rodata) }
.data: { *(.data) }
end_of_data = . ;
}
</pre>
<p>This may or may not be the script author's intention for the value of
<code>start_of_data</code>. One way to influence the orphan section
placement is to assign the location counter to itself, as the linker
assumes that an assignment to <code>.</code> is setting the start address of
a following output section and thus should be grouped with that
section. So you could write:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS
{
start_of_text = . ;
.text: { *(.text) }
end_of_text = . ;
. = . ;
start_of_data = . ;
.data: { *(.data) }
end_of_data = . ;
}
</pre>
<p>Now, the orphan <code>.rodata</code> section will be placed between
<code>end_of_text</code> and <code>start_of_data</code>.
</body></html>

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<a name="M68HC11_002f68HC12"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">PowerPC ELF32</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="MSP430.html#MSP430">MSP430</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Machine-Dependent.html#Machine-Dependent">Machine Dependent</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h3 class="section">4.3 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 families</h3>
<p><a name="index-M68HC11-and-68HC12-support-580"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">4.3.1 Linker Relaxation</h4>
<p>For the Motorola 68HC11, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> can perform these global
optimizations when you specify the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--relax</span></samp>&rsquo; command-line option.
<a name="index-relaxing-on-M68HC11-581"></a>
<dl><dt><em>relaxing address modes</em><dd><samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> finds all <code>jsr</code> and <code>jmp</code> instructions whose
targets are within eight bits, and turns them into eight-bit
program-counter relative <code>bsr</code> and <code>bra</code> instructions,
respectively.
<p><samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> also looks at all 16-bit extended addressing modes and
transforms them in a direct addressing mode when the address is in
page 0 (between 0 and 0x0ff).
<br><dt><em>relaxing gcc instruction group</em><dd>When <samp><span class="command">gcc</span></samp> is called with <samp><span class="option">-mrelax</span></samp>, it can emit group
of instructions that the linker can optimize to use a 68HC11 direct
addressing mode. These instructions consists of <code>bclr</code> or
<code>bset</code> instructions.
</dl>
<h4 class="subsection">4.3.2 Trampoline Generation</h4>
<p><a name="index-trampoline-generation-on-M68HC11-582"></a><a name="index-trampoline-generation-on-M68HC12-583"></a>For 68HC11 and 68HC12, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> can generate trampoline code to
call a far function using a normal <code>jsr</code> instruction. The linker
will also change the relocation to some far function to use the
trampoline address instead of the function address. This is typically the
case when a pointer to a function is taken. The pointer will in fact
point to the function trampoline.
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<h3 class="section">4.6 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the Motorola 68K family</h3>
<p><a name="index-Motorola-68K-GOT-generation-621"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dgot_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-622"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--got=</span><var>type</var></samp>&rsquo; option lets you choose the GOT generation scheme.
The choices are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">single</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">negative</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">multigot</span></samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">target</span></samp>&rsquo;. When &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">target</span></samp>&rsquo; is selected the linker chooses
the default GOT generation scheme for the current target.
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">single</span></samp>&rsquo; tells the linker to generate a single GOT with
entries only at non-negative offsets.
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">negative</span></samp>&rsquo; instructs the linker to generate a single GOT with
entries at both negative and positive offsets. Not all environments
support such GOTs.
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">multigot</span></samp>&rsquo; allows the linker to generate several GOTs in the
output file. All GOT references from a single input object
file access the same GOT, but references from different input object
files might access different GOTs. Not all environments support such GOTs.
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<a name="MEMORY"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="PHDRS.html#PHDRS">PHDRS</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="SECTIONS.html#SECTIONS">SECTIONS</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Scripts.html#Scripts">Scripts</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h3 class="section">3.7 MEMORY Command</h3>
<p><a name="index-MEMORY-474"></a><a name="index-memory-regions-475"></a><a name="index-regions-of-memory-476"></a><a name="index-allocating-memory-477"></a><a name="index-discontinuous-memory-478"></a>The linker's default configuration permits allocation of all available
memory. You can override this by using the <code>MEMORY</code> command.
<p>The <code>MEMORY</code> command describes the location and size of blocks of
memory in the target. You can use it to describe which memory regions
may be used by the linker, and which memory regions it must avoid. You
can then assign sections to particular memory regions. The linker will
set section addresses based on the memory regions, and will warn about
regions that become too full. The linker will not shuffle sections
around to fit into the available regions.
<p>A linker script may contain at most one use of the <code>MEMORY</code>
command. However, you can define as many blocks of memory within it as
you wish. The syntax is:
<pre class="smallexample"> MEMORY
{
<var>name</var> [(<var>attr</var>)] : ORIGIN = <var>origin</var>, LENGTH = <var>len</var>
...
}
</pre>
<p>The <var>name</var> is a name used in the linker script to refer to the
region. The region name has no meaning outside of the linker script.
Region names are stored in a separate name space, and will not conflict
with symbol names, file names, or section names. Each memory region
must have a distinct name within the <code>MEMORY</code> command. However you can
add later alias names to existing memory regions with the <a href="REGION_005fALIAS.html#REGION_005fALIAS">REGION_ALIAS</a>
command.
<p><a name="index-memory-region-attributes-479"></a>The <var>attr</var> string is an optional list of attributes that specify
whether to use a particular memory region for an input section which is
not explicitly mapped in the linker script. As described in
<a href="SECTIONS.html#SECTIONS">SECTIONS</a>, if you do not specify an output section for some input
section, the linker will create an output section with the same name as
the input section. If you define region attributes, the linker will use
them to select the memory region for the output section that it creates.
<p>The <var>attr</var> string must consist only of the following characters:
<dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">R</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Read-only section
<br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">W</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Read/write section
<br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">X</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Executable section
<br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">A</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Allocatable section
<br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">I</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Initialized section
<br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">L</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Same as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">I</span></samp>&rsquo;
<br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">!</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Invert the sense of any of the attributes that follow
</dl>
<p>If a unmapped section matches any of the listed attributes other than
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">!</span></samp>&rsquo;, it will be placed in the memory region. The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">!</span></samp>&rsquo;
attribute reverses this test, so that an unmapped section will be placed
in the memory region only if it does not match any of the listed
attributes.
<p><a name="index-ORIGIN-_003d-480"></a><a name="index-o-_003d-481"></a><a name="index-org-_003d-482"></a>The <var>origin</var> is an numerical expression for the start address of
the memory region. The expression must evaluate to a constant and it
cannot involve any symbols. The keyword <code>ORIGIN</code> may be
abbreviated to <code>org</code> or <code>o</code> (but not, for example,
<code>ORG</code>).
<p><a name="index-LENGTH-_003d-483"></a><a name="index-len-_003d-484"></a><a name="index-l-_003d-485"></a>The <var>len</var> is an expression for the size in bytes of the memory
region. As with the <var>origin</var> expression, the expression must
be numerical only and must evaluate to a constant. The keyword
<code>LENGTH</code> may be abbreviated to <code>len</code> or <code>l</code>.
<p>In the following example, we specify that there are two memory regions
available for allocation: one starting at &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>&rsquo; for 256 kilobytes,
and the other starting at &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0x40000000</span></samp>&rsquo; for four megabytes. The
linker will place into the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">rom</span></samp>&rsquo; memory region every section which
is not explicitly mapped into a memory region, and is either read-only
or executable. The linker will place other sections which are not
explicitly mapped into a memory region into the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ram</span></samp>&rsquo; memory
region.
<pre class="smallexample"> MEMORY
{
rom (rx) : ORIGIN = 0, LENGTH = 256K
ram (!rx) : org = 0x40000000, l = 4M
}
</pre>
<p>Once you define a memory region, you can direct the linker to place
specific output sections into that memory region by using the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&gt;</span><var>region</var></samp>&rsquo; output section attribute. For example, if you have
a memory region named &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mem</span></samp>&rsquo;, you would use &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&gt;mem</span></samp>&rsquo; in the
output section definition. See <a href="Output-Section-Region.html#Output-Section-Region">Output Section Region</a>. If no address
was specified for the output section, the linker will set the address to
the next available address within the memory region. If the combined
output sections directed to a memory region are too large for the
region, the linker will issue an error message.
<p>It is possible to access the origin and length of a memory in an
expression via the <code>ORIGIN(</code><var>memory</var><code>)</code> and
<code>LENGTH(</code><var>memory</var><code>)</code> functions:
<pre class="smallexample"> _fstack = ORIGIN(ram) + LENGTH(ram) - 4;
</pre>
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<h3 class="section">4.7 <code>ld</code> and MMIX</h3>
<p>For MMIX, there is a choice of generating <code>ELF</code> object files or
<code>mmo</code> object files when linking. The simulator <code>mmix</code>
understands the <code>mmo</code> format. The binutils <code>objcopy</code> utility
can translate between the two formats.
<p>There is one special section, the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.MMIX.reg_contents</span></samp>&rsquo; section.
Contents in this section is assumed to correspond to that of global
registers, and symbols referring to it are translated to special symbols,
equal to registers. In a final link, the start address of the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.MMIX.reg_contents</span></samp>&rsquo; section corresponds to the first allocated
global register multiplied by 8. Register <code>$255</code> is not included in
this section; it is always set to the program entry, which is at the
symbol <code>Main</code> for <code>mmo</code> files.
<p>Global symbols with the prefix <code>__.MMIX.start.</code>, for example
<code>__.MMIX.start..text</code> and <code>__.MMIX.start..data</code> are special.
The default linker script uses these to set the default start address
of a section.
<p>Initial and trailing multiples of zero-valued 32-bit words in a section,
are left out from an mmo file.
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<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A MRI Compatible Script Files</h2>
<p><a name="index-MRI-compatibility-716"></a>To aid users making the transition to <span class="sc">gnu</span> <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> from the MRI
linker, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> can use MRI compatible linker scripts as an
alternative to the more general-purpose linker scripting language
described in <a href="Scripts.html#Scripts">Scripts</a>. MRI compatible linker scripts have a much
simpler command set than the scripting language otherwise used with
<samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp>. <span class="sc">gnu</span> <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> supports the most commonly used MRI
linker commands; these commands are described here.
<p>In general, MRI scripts aren't of much use with the <code>a.out</code> object
file format, since it only has three sections and MRI scripts lack some
features to make use of them.
<p>You can specify a file containing an MRI-compatible script using the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-c</span></samp>&rsquo; command-line option.
<p>Each command in an MRI-compatible script occupies its own line; each
command line starts with the keyword that identifies the command (though
blank lines are also allowed for punctuation). If a line of an
MRI-compatible script begins with an unrecognized keyword, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp>
issues a warning message, but continues processing the script.
<p>Lines beginning with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>&rsquo; are comments.
<p>You can write these commands using all upper-case letters, or all
lower case; for example, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">chip</span></samp>&rsquo; is the same as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">CHIP</span></samp>&rsquo;.
The following list shows only the upper-case form of each command.
<a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bABSOLUTE_007d-_0028MRI_0029-717"></a>
<dl><dt><code>ABSOLUTE </code><var>secname</var><dt><code>ABSOLUTE </code><var>secname</var><code>, </code><var>secname</var><code>, ... </code><var>secname</var><dd>Normally, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> includes in the output file all sections from all
the input files. However, in an MRI-compatible script, you can use the
<code>ABSOLUTE</code> command to restrict the sections that will be present in
your output program. If the <code>ABSOLUTE</code> command is used at all in a
script, then only the sections named explicitly in <code>ABSOLUTE</code>
commands will appear in the linker output. You can still use other
input sections (whatever you select on the command line, or using
<code>LOAD</code>) to resolve addresses in the output file.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bALIAS_007d-_0028MRI_0029-718"></a><br><dt><code>ALIAS </code><var>out-secname</var><code>, </code><var>in-secname</var><dd>Use this command to place the data from input section <var>in-secname</var>
in a section called <var>out-secname</var> in the linker output file.
<p><var>in-secname</var> may be an integer.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bALIGN_007d-_0028MRI_0029-719"></a><br><dt><code>ALIGN </code><var>secname</var><code> = </code><var>expression</var><dd>Align the section called <var>secname</var> to <var>expression</var>. The
<var>expression</var> should be a power of two.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bBASE_007d-_0028MRI_0029-720"></a><br><dt><code>BASE </code><var>expression</var><dd>Use the value of <var>expression</var> as the lowest address (other than
absolute addresses) in the output file.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bCHIP_007d-_0028MRI_0029-721"></a><br><dt><code>CHIP </code><var>expression</var><dt><code>CHIP </code><var>expression</var><code>, </code><var>expression</var><dd>This command does nothing; it is accepted only for compatibility.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bEND_007d-_0028MRI_0029-722"></a><br><dt><code>END</code><dd>This command does nothing whatever; it's only accepted for compatibility.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bFORMAT_007d-_0028MRI_0029-723"></a><br><dt><code>FORMAT </code><var>output-format</var><dd>Similar to the <code>OUTPUT_FORMAT</code> command in the more general linker
language, but restricted to one of these output formats:
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li>S-records, if <var>output-format</var> is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">S</span></samp>&rsquo;
<li>IEEE, if <var>output-format</var> is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">IEEE</span></samp>&rsquo;
<li>COFF (the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">coff-m68k</span></samp>&rsquo; variant in BFD), if <var>output-format</var> is
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">COFF</span></samp>&rsquo;
</ol>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bLIST_007d-_0028MRI_0029-724"></a><br><dt><code>LIST </code><var>anything</var><code>...</code><dd>Print (to the standard output file) a link map, as produced by the
<samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> command-line option &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-M</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>The keyword <code>LIST</code> may be followed by anything on the
same line, with no change in its effect.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bLOAD_007d-_0028MRI_0029-725"></a><br><dt><code>LOAD </code><var>filename</var><dt><code>LOAD </code><var>filename</var><code>, </code><var>filename</var><code>, ... </code><var>filename</var><dd>Include one or more object file <var>filename</var> in the link; this has the
same effect as specifying <var>filename</var> directly on the <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp>
command line.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bNAME_007d-_0028MRI_0029-726"></a><br><dt><code>NAME </code><var>output-name</var><dd><var>output-name</var> is the name for the program produced by <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp>; the
MRI-compatible command <code>NAME</code> is equivalent to the command-line
option &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-o</span></samp>&rsquo; or the general script language command <code>OUTPUT</code>.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bORDER_007d-_0028MRI_0029-727"></a><br><dt><code>ORDER </code><var>secname</var><code>, </code><var>secname</var><code>, ... </code><var>secname</var><dt><code>ORDER </code><var>secname</var> <var>secname</var> <var>secname</var><dd>Normally, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> orders the sections in its output file in the
order in which they first appear in the input files. In an MRI-compatible
script, you can override this ordering with the <code>ORDER</code> command. The
sections you list with <code>ORDER</code> will appear first in your output
file, in the order specified.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bPUBLIC_007d-_0028MRI_0029-728"></a><br><dt><code>PUBLIC </code><var>name</var><code>=</code><var>expression</var><dt><code>PUBLIC </code><var>name</var><code>,</code><var>expression</var><dt><code>PUBLIC </code><var>name</var> <var>expression</var><dd>Supply a value (<var>expression</var>) for external symbol
<var>name</var> used in the linker input files.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bSECT_007d-_0028MRI_0029-729"></a><br><dt><code>SECT </code><var>secname</var><code>, </code><var>expression</var><dt><code>SECT </code><var>secname</var><code>=</code><var>expression</var><dt><code>SECT </code><var>secname</var> <var>expression</var><dd>You can use any of these three forms of the <code>SECT</code> command to
specify the start address (<var>expression</var>) for section <var>secname</var>.
If you have more than one <code>SECT</code> statement for the same
<var>secname</var>, only the <em>first</em> sets the start address.
</dl>
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<h3 class="section">4.8 <code>ld</code> and MSP430</h3>
<p>For the MSP430 it is possible to select the MPU architecture. The flag &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-m [mpu type]</span></samp>&rsquo;
will select an appropriate linker script for selected MPU type. (To get a list of known MPUs
just pass &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-m help</span></samp>&rsquo; option to the linker).
<p><a name="index-MSP430-extra-sections-623"></a>The linker will recognize some extra sections which are MSP430 specific:
<dl>
<dt><code>&lsquo;</code><samp><span class="samp">.vectors</span></samp><code>&rsquo;</code><dd>Defines a portion of ROM where interrupt vectors located.
<br><dt><code>&lsquo;</code><samp><span class="samp">.bootloader</span></samp><code>&rsquo;</code><dd>Defines the bootloader portion of the ROM (if applicable). Any code
in this section will be uploaded to the MPU.
<br><dt><code>&lsquo;</code><samp><span class="samp">.infomem</span></samp><code>&rsquo;</code><dd>Defines an information memory section (if applicable). Any code in
this section will be uploaded to the MPU.
<br><dt><code>&lsquo;</code><samp><span class="samp">.infomemnobits</span></samp><code>&rsquo;</code><dd>This is the same as the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.infomem</span></samp>&rsquo; section except that any code
in this section will not be uploaded to the MPU.
<br><dt><code>&lsquo;</code><samp><span class="samp">.noinit</span></samp><code>&rsquo;</code><dd>Denotes a portion of RAM located above &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.bss</span></samp>&rsquo; section.
<p>The last two sections are used by gcc.
</dl>
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<h2 class="chapter">4 Machine Dependent Features</h2>
<p><a name="index-machine-dependencies-568"></a><samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> has additional features on some platforms; the following
sections describe them. Machines where <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> has no additional
functionality are not listed.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="H8_002f300.html#H8_002f300">H8/300</a>: <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the H8/300
<li><a accesskey="2" href="i960.html#i960">i960</a>: <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the Intel 960 family
<li><a accesskey="3" href="ARM.html#ARM">ARM</a>: <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the ARM family
<li><a accesskey="4" href="HPPA-ELF32.html#HPPA-ELF32">HPPA ELF32</a>: <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and HPPA 32-bit ELF
<li><a accesskey="5" href="M68K.html#M68K">M68K</a>: <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the Motorola 68K family
<li><a accesskey="6" href="MMIX.html#MMIX">MMIX</a>: <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and MMIX
<li><a accesskey="7" href="MSP430.html#MSP430">MSP430</a>: <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and MSP430
<li><a accesskey="8" href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#M68HC11_002f68HC12">M68HC11/68HC12</a>: <code>ld</code> and the Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 families
<li><a accesskey="9" href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">PowerPC ELF32</a>: <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and PowerPC 32-bit ELF Support
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">PowerPC64 ELF64</a>: <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and PowerPC64 64-bit ELF Support
<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">SPU ELF</a>: <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and SPU ELF Support
<li><a href="TI-COFF.html#TI-COFF">TI COFF</a>: <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and TI COFF
<li><a href="WIN32.html#WIN32">WIN32</a>: <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and WIN32 (cygwin/mingw)
<li><a href="Xtensa.html#Xtensa">Xtensa</a>: <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and Xtensa Processors
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Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="REGION_005fALIAS.html#REGION_005fALIAS">REGION_ALIAS</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Simple-Commands.html#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a>
<hr>
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<h4 class="subsection">3.4.5 Other Linker Script Commands</h4>
<p>There are a few other linker scripts commands.
<dl>
<dt><code>ASSERT(</code><var>exp</var><code>, </code><var>message</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-ASSERT-377"></a><a name="index-assertion-in-linker-script-378"></a>Ensure that <var>exp</var> is non-zero. If it is zero, then exit the linker
with an error code, and print <var>message</var>.
<br><dt><code>EXTERN(</code><var>symbol</var> <var>symbol</var><code> ...)</code><dd><a name="index-EXTERN-379"></a><a name="index-undefined-symbol-in-linker-script-380"></a>Force <var>symbol</var> to be entered in the output file as an undefined
symbol. Doing this may, for example, trigger linking of additional
modules from standard libraries. You may list several <var>symbol</var>s for
each <code>EXTERN</code>, and you may use <code>EXTERN</code> multiple times. This
command has the same effect as the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-u</span></samp>&rsquo; command-line option.
<br><dt><code>FORCE_COMMON_ALLOCATION</code><dd><a name="index-FORCE_005fCOMMON_005fALLOCATION-381"></a><a name="index-common-allocation-in-linker-script-382"></a>This command has the same effect as the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-d</span></samp>&rsquo; command-line option:
to make <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> assign space to common symbols even if a relocatable
output file is specified (&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-r</span></samp>&rsquo;).
<br><dt><code>INHIBIT_COMMON_ALLOCATION</code><dd><a name="index-INHIBIT_005fCOMMON_005fALLOCATION-383"></a><a name="index-common-allocation-in-linker-script-384"></a>This command has the same effect as the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--no-define-common</span></samp>&rsquo;
command-line option: to make <code>ld</code> omit the assignment of addresses
to common symbols even for a non-relocatable output file.
<br><dt><code>INSERT [ AFTER | BEFORE ] </code><var>output_section</var><dd><a name="index-INSERT-385"></a><a name="index-insert-user-script-into-default-script-386"></a>This command is typically used in a script specified by &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>&rsquo; to
augment the default <code>SECTIONS</code> with, for example, overlays. It
inserts all prior linker script statements after (or before)
<var>output_section</var>, and also causes &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>&rsquo; to not override the
default linker script. The exact insertion point is as for orphan
sections. See <a href="Location-Counter.html#Location-Counter">Location Counter</a>. The insertion happens after the
linker has mapped input sections to output sections. Prior to the
insertion, since &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>&rsquo; scripts are parsed before the default
linker script, statements in the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>&rsquo; script occur before the
default linker script statements in the internal linker representation
of the script. In particular, input section assignments will be made
to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>&rsquo; output sections before those in the default script. Here
is an example of how a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>&rsquo; script using <code>INSERT</code> might look:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS
{
OVERLAY :
{
.ov1 { ov1*(.text) }
.ov2 { ov2*(.text) }
}
}
INSERT AFTER .text;
</pre>
<br><dt><code>NOCROSSREFS(</code><var>section</var> <var>section</var><code> ...)</code><dd><a name="index-NOCROSSREFS_0028_0040var_007bsections_007d_0029-387"></a><a name="index-cross-references-388"></a>This command may be used to tell <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> to issue an error about any
references among certain output sections.
<p>In certain types of programs, particularly on embedded systems when
using overlays, when one section is loaded into memory, another section
will not be. Any direct references between the two sections would be
errors. For example, it would be an error if code in one section called
a function defined in the other section.
<p>The <code>NOCROSSREFS</code> command takes a list of output section names. If
<samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> detects any cross references between the sections, it reports
an error and returns a non-zero exit status. Note that the
<code>NOCROSSREFS</code> command uses output section names, not input section
names.
<br><dt><code>OUTPUT_ARCH(</code><var>bfdarch</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-OUTPUT_005fARCH_0028_0040var_007bbfdarch_007d_0029-389"></a><a name="index-machine-architecture-390"></a><a name="index-architecture-391"></a>Specify a particular output machine architecture. The argument is one
of the names used by the BFD library (see <a href="BFD.html#BFD">BFD</a>). You can see the
architecture of an object file by using the <code>objdump</code> program with
the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-f</span></samp>&rsquo; option.
<br><dt><code>LD_FEATURE(</code><var>string</var><code>)</code><dd><a name="index-LD_005fFEATURE_0028_0040var_007bstring_007d_0029-392"></a>This command may be used to modify <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> behavior. If
<var>string</var> is <code>"SANE_EXPR"</code> then absolute symbols and numbers
in a script are simply treated as numbers everywhere.
See <a href="Expression-Section.html#Expression-Section">Expression Section</a>.
</dl>
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Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Evaluation.html#Evaluation">Evaluation</a>,
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Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Expressions.html#Expressions">Expressions</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.10.6 Operators</h4>
<p><a name="index-operators-for-arithmetic-522"></a><a name="index-arithmetic-operators-523"></a><a name="index-precedence-in-expressions-524"></a>The linker recognizes the standard C set of arithmetic operators, with
the standard bindings and precedence levels:
<!-- TEXI2ROFF-KILL -->
<!-- END TEXI2ROFF-KILL -->
<pre class="smallexample"> precedence associativity Operators Notes
(highest)
1 left ! - ~ (1)
2 left * / %
3 left + -
4 left &gt;&gt; &lt;&lt;
5 left == != &gt; &lt; &lt;= &gt;=
6 left &amp;
7 left |
8 left &amp;&amp;
9 left ||
10 right ? :
11 right &amp;= += -= *= /= (2)
(lowest)
</pre>
<p>Notes:
(1) Prefix operators
(2) See <a href="Assignments.html#Assignments">Assignments</a>.
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Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Location-Counter.html#Location-Counter">Location Counter</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Symbols.html#Symbols">Symbols</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Expressions.html#Expressions">Expressions</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.10.4 Orphan Sections</h4>
<p><a name="index-orphan-514"></a>Orphan sections are sections present in the input files which
are not explicitly placed into the output file by the linker
script. The linker will still copy these sections into the
output file, but it has to guess as to where they should be
placed. The linker uses a simple heuristic to do this. It
attempts to place orphan sections after non-orphan sections of the
same attribute, such as code vs data, loadable vs non-loadable, etc.
If there is not enough room to do this then it places
at the end of the file.
<p>For ELF targets, the attribute of the section includes section type as
well as section flag.
<p>If an orphaned section's name is representable as a C identifier then
the linker will automatically see <a href="PROVIDE.html#PROVIDE">PROVIDE</a> two symbols:
__start_SECNAME and __stop_SECNAME, where SECNAME is the name of the
section. These indicate the start address and end address of the
orphaned section respectively. Note: most section names are not
representable as C identifiers because they contain a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo;
character.
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<a name="Output-Section-Address"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Input-Section.html#Input-Section">Input Section</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Output-Section-Name.html#Output-Section-Name">Output Section Name</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="SECTIONS.html#SECTIONS">SECTIONS</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.6.3 Output Section Address</h4>
<p><a name="index-address_002c-section-402"></a><a name="index-section-address-403"></a>The <var>address</var> is an expression for the VMA (the virtual memory
address) of the output section. This address is optional, but if it
is provided then the output address will be set exactly as specified.
<p>If the output address is not specified then one will be chosen for the
section, based on the heuristic below. This address will be adjusted
to fit the alignment requirement of the output section. The
alignment requirement is the strictest alignment of any input section
contained within the output section.
<p>The output section address heuristic is as follows:
<ul>
<li>If an output memory <var>region</var> is set for the section then it
is added to this region and its address will be the next free address
in that region.
<li>If the MEMORY command has been used to create a list of memory
regions then the first region which has attributes compatible with the
section is selected to contain it. The section's output address will
be the next free address in that region; <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a>.
<li>If no memory regions were specified, or none match the section then
the output address will be based on the current value of the location
counter.
</ul>
<p class="noindent">For example:
<pre class="smallexample"> .text . : { *(.text) }
</pre>
<p class="noindent">and
<pre class="smallexample"> .text : { *(.text) }
</pre>
<p class="noindent">are subtly different. The first will set the address of the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; output section to the current value of the location
counter. The second will set it to the current value of the location
counter aligned to the strictest alignment of any of the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo;
input sections.
<p>The <var>address</var> may be an arbitrary expression; <a href="Expressions.html#Expressions">Expressions</a>.
For example, if you want to align the section on a 0x10 byte boundary,
so that the lowest four bits of the section address are zero, you could
do something like this:
<pre class="smallexample"> .text ALIGN(0x10) : { *(.text) }
</pre>
<p class="noindent">This works because <code>ALIGN</code> returns the current location counter
aligned upward to the specified value.
<p>Specifying <var>address</var> for a section will change the value of the
location counter, provided that the section is non-empty. (Empty
sections are ignored).
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Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="SECTIONS.html#SECTIONS">SECTIONS</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.6.8 Output Section Attributes</h4>
<p><a name="index-output-section-attributes-444"></a>We showed above that the full description of an output section looked
like this:
<pre class="smallexample"> <var>section</var> [<var>address</var>] [(<var>type</var>)] :
[AT(<var>lma</var>)]
[ALIGN(<var>section_align</var>)]
[SUBALIGN(<var>subsection_align</var>)]
[<var>constraint</var>]
{
<var>output-section-command</var>
<var>output-section-command</var>
...
} [&gt;<var>region</var>] [AT&gt;<var>lma_region</var>] [:<var>phdr</var> :<var>phdr</var> ...] [=<var>fillexp</var>]
</pre>
<p>We've already described <var>section</var>, <var>address</var>, and
<var>output-section-command</var>. In this section we will describe the
remaining section attributes.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="Output-Section-Type.html#Output-Section-Type">Output Section Type</a>: Output section type
<li><a accesskey="2" href="Output-Section-LMA.html#Output-Section-LMA">Output Section LMA</a>: Output section LMA
<li><a accesskey="3" href="Forced-Output-Alignment.html#Forced-Output-Alignment">Forced Output Alignment</a>: Forced Output Alignment
<li><a accesskey="4" href="Forced-Input-Alignment.html#Forced-Input-Alignment">Forced Input Alignment</a>: Forced Input Alignment
<li><a accesskey="5" href="Output-Section-Constraint.html#Output-Section-Constraint">Output Section Constraint</a>: Output section constraint
<li><a accesskey="6" href="Output-Section-Region.html#Output-Section-Region">Output Section Region</a>: Output section region
<li><a accesskey="7" href="Output-Section-Phdr.html#Output-Section-Phdr">Output Section Phdr</a>: Output section phdr
<li><a accesskey="8" href="Output-Section-Fill.html#Output-Section-Fill">Output Section Fill</a>: Output section fill
</ul>
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<hr>
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<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.8.5 Output Section Constraint</h5>
<p><a name="index-ONLY_005fIF_005fRO-460"></a><a name="index-ONLY_005fIF_005fRW-461"></a><a name="index-constraints-on-output-sections-462"></a>You can specify that an output section should only be created if all
of its input sections are read-only or all of its input sections are
read-write by using the keyword <code>ONLY_IF_RO</code> and
<code>ONLY_IF_RW</code> respectively.
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<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.6.5 Output Section Data</h4>
<p><a name="index-data-423"></a><a name="index-section-data-424"></a><a name="index-output-section-data-425"></a><a name="index-BYTE_0028_0040var_007bexpression_007d_0029-426"></a><a name="index-SHORT_0028_0040var_007bexpression_007d_0029-427"></a><a name="index-LONG_0028_0040var_007bexpression_007d_0029-428"></a><a name="index-QUAD_0028_0040var_007bexpression_007d_0029-429"></a><a name="index-SQUAD_0028_0040var_007bexpression_007d_0029-430"></a>You can include explicit bytes of data in an output section by using
<code>BYTE</code>, <code>SHORT</code>, <code>LONG</code>, <code>QUAD</code>, or <code>SQUAD</code> as
an output section command. Each keyword is followed by an expression in
parentheses providing the value to store (see <a href="Expressions.html#Expressions">Expressions</a>). The
value of the expression is stored at the current value of the location
counter.
<p>The <code>BYTE</code>, <code>SHORT</code>, <code>LONG</code>, and <code>QUAD</code> commands
store one, two, four, and eight bytes (respectively). After storing the
bytes, the location counter is incremented by the number of bytes
stored.
<p>For example, this will store the byte 1 followed by the four byte value
of the symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">addr</span></samp>&rsquo;:
<pre class="smallexample"> BYTE(1)
LONG(addr)
</pre>
<p>When using a 64 bit host or target, <code>QUAD</code> and <code>SQUAD</code> are the
same; they both store an 8 byte, or 64 bit, value. When both host and
target are 32 bits, an expression is computed as 32 bits. In this case
<code>QUAD</code> stores a 32 bit value zero extended to 64 bits, and
<code>SQUAD</code> stores a 32 bit value sign extended to 64 bits.
<p>If the object file format of the output file has an explicit endianness,
which is the normal case, the value will be stored in that endianness.
When the object file format does not have an explicit endianness, as is
true of, for example, S-records, the value will be stored in the
endianness of the first input object file.
<p>Note&mdash;these commands only work inside a section description and not
between them, so the following will produce an error from the linker:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS { .text : { *(.text) } LONG(1) .data : { *(.data) } }</pre>
<p>whereas this will work:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS { .text : { *(.text) ; LONG(1) } .data : { *(.data) } }</pre>
<p><a name="index-FILL_0028_0040var_007bexpression_007d_0029-431"></a><a name="index-holes_002c-filling-432"></a><a name="index-unspecified-memory-433"></a>You may use the <code>FILL</code> command to set the fill pattern for the
current section. It is followed by an expression in parentheses. Any
otherwise unspecified regions of memory within the section (for example,
gaps left due to the required alignment of input sections) are filled
with the value of the expression, repeated as
necessary. A <code>FILL</code> statement covers memory locations after the
point at which it occurs in the section definition; by including more
than one <code>FILL</code> statement, you can have different fill patterns in
different parts of an output section.
<p>This example shows how to fill unspecified regions of memory with the
value &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0x90</span></samp>&rsquo;:
<pre class="smallexample"> FILL(0x90909090)
</pre>
<p>The <code>FILL</code> command is similar to the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">=</span><var>fillexp</var></samp>&rsquo; output
section attribute, but it only affects the
part of the section following the <code>FILL</code> command, rather than the
entire section. If both are used, the <code>FILL</code> command takes
precedence. See <a href="Output-Section-Fill.html#Output-Section-Fill">Output Section Fill</a>, for details on the fill
expression.
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<hr>
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<h4 class="subsection">3.6.1 Output Section Description</h4>
<p>The full description of an output section looks like this:
<pre class="smallexample"> <var>section</var> [<var>address</var>] [(<var>type</var>)] :
[AT(<var>lma</var>)]
[ALIGN(<var>section_align</var>)]
[SUBALIGN(<var>subsection_align</var>)]
[<var>constraint</var>]
{
<var>output-section-command</var>
<var>output-section-command</var>
...
} [&gt;<var>region</var>] [AT&gt;<var>lma_region</var>] [:<var>phdr</var> :<var>phdr</var> ...] [=<var>fillexp</var>]
</pre>
<p>Most output sections do not use most of the optional section attributes.
<p>The whitespace around <var>section</var> is required, so that the section
name is unambiguous. The colon and the curly braces are also required.
The line breaks and other white space are optional.
<p>Each <var>output-section-command</var> may be one of the following:
<ul>
<li>a symbol assignment (see <a href="Assignments.html#Assignments">Assignments</a>)
<li>an input section description (see <a href="Input-Section.html#Input-Section">Input Section</a>)
<li>data values to include directly (see <a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">Output Section Data</a>)
<li>a special output section keyword (see <a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#Output-Section-Keywords">Output Section Keywords</a>)
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<h4 class="subsection">3.6.7 Output Section Discarding</h4>
<p><a name="index-discarding-sections-440"></a><a name="index-sections_002c-discarding-441"></a><a name="index-removing-sections-442"></a>The linker will not create output sections with no contents. This is
for convenience when referring to input sections that may or may not
be present in any of the input files. For example:
<pre class="smallexample"> .foo : { *(.foo) }
</pre>
<p class="noindent">will only create a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.foo</span></samp>&rsquo; section in the output file if there is a
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.foo</span></samp>&rsquo; section in at least one input file, and if the input
sections are not all empty. Other link script directives that allocate
space in an output section will also create the output section.
<p>The linker will ignore address assignments (see <a href="Output-Section-Address.html#Output-Section-Address">Output Section Address</a>)
on discarded output sections, except when the linker script defines
symbols in the output section. In that case the linker will obey
the address assignments, possibly advancing dot even though the
section is discarded.
<p><a name="index-g_t_002fDISCARD_002f-443"></a>The special output section name &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">/DISCARD/</span></samp>&rsquo; may be used to discard
input sections. Any input sections which are assigned to an output
section named &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">/DISCARD/</span></samp>&rsquo; are not included in the output file.
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<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.8.8 Output Section Fill</h5>
<p><a name="index-g_t_003d_0040var_007bfillexp_007d-469"></a><a name="index-section-fill-pattern-470"></a><a name="index-fill-pattern_002c-entire-section-471"></a>You can set the fill pattern for an entire section by using
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">=</span><var>fillexp</var></samp>&rsquo;. <var>fillexp</var> is an expression
(see <a href="Expressions.html#Expressions">Expressions</a>). Any otherwise unspecified regions of memory
within the output section (for example, gaps left due to the required
alignment of input sections) will be filled with the value, repeated as
necessary. If the fill expression is a simple hex number, ie. a string
of hex digit starting with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0x</span></samp>&rsquo; and without a trailing &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">k</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">M</span></samp>&rsquo;, then
an arbitrarily long sequence of hex digits can be used to specify the
fill pattern; Leading zeros become part of the pattern too. For all
other cases, including extra parentheses or a unary <code>+</code>, the fill
pattern is the four least significant bytes of the value of the
expression. In all cases, the number is big-endian.
<p>You can also change the fill value with a <code>FILL</code> command in the
output section commands; (see <a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">Output Section Data</a>).
<p>Here is a simple example:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS { .text : { *(.text) } =0x90909090 }
</pre>
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<h4 class="subsection">3.6.6 Output Section Keywords</h4>
<p>There are a couple of keywords which can appear as output section
commands.
<a name="index-CREATE_005fOBJECT_005fSYMBOLS-434"></a>
<a name="index-input-filename-symbols-435"></a>
<a name="index-filename-symbols-436"></a>
<dl><dt><code>CREATE_OBJECT_SYMBOLS</code><dd>The command tells the linker to create a symbol for each input file.
The name of each symbol will be the name of the corresponding input
file. The section of each symbol will be the output section in which
the <code>CREATE_OBJECT_SYMBOLS</code> command appears.
<p>This is conventional for the a.out object file format. It is not
normally used for any other object file format.
<p><a name="index-CONSTRUCTORS-437"></a><a name="index-C_002b_002b-constructors_002c-arranging-in-link-438"></a><a name="index-constructors_002c-arranging-in-link-439"></a><br><dt><code>CONSTRUCTORS</code><dd>When linking using the a.out object file format, the linker uses an
unusual set construct to support C++ global constructors and
destructors. When linking object file formats which do not support
arbitrary sections, such as ECOFF and XCOFF, the linker will
automatically recognize C++ global constructors and destructors by name.
For these object file formats, the <code>CONSTRUCTORS</code> command tells the
linker to place constructor information in the output section where the
<code>CONSTRUCTORS</code> command appears. The <code>CONSTRUCTORS</code> command is
ignored for other object file formats.
<p>The symbol <code>__CTOR_LIST__</code><!-- /@w --> marks the start of the global
constructors, and the symbol <code>__CTOR_END__</code><!-- /@w --> marks the end.
Similarly, <code>__DTOR_LIST__</code><!-- /@w --> and <code>__DTOR_END__</code><!-- /@w --> mark
the start and end of the global destructors. The
first word in the list is the number of entries, followed by the address
of each constructor or destructor, followed by a zero word. The
compiler must arrange to actually run the code. For these object file
formats <span class="sc">gnu</span> C++ normally calls constructors from a subroutine
<code>__main</code>; a call to <code>__main</code> is automatically inserted into
the startup code for <code>main</code>. <span class="sc">gnu</span> C++ normally runs
destructors either by using <code>atexit</code>, or directly from the function
<code>exit</code>.
<p>For object file formats such as <code>COFF</code> or <code>ELF</code> which support
arbitrary section names, <span class="sc">gnu</span> C++ will normally arrange to put the
addresses of global constructors and destructors into the <code>.ctors</code>
and <code>.dtors</code> sections. Placing the following sequence into your
linker script will build the sort of table which the <span class="sc">gnu</span> C++
runtime code expects to see.
<pre class="smallexample"> __CTOR_LIST__ = .;
LONG((__CTOR_END__ - __CTOR_LIST__) / 4 - 2)
*(.ctors)
LONG(0)
__CTOR_END__ = .;
__DTOR_LIST__ = .;
LONG((__DTOR_END__ - __DTOR_LIST__) / 4 - 2)
*(.dtors)
LONG(0)
__DTOR_END__ = .;
</pre>
<p>If you are using the <span class="sc">gnu</span> C++ support for initialization priority,
which provides some control over the order in which global constructors
are run, you must sort the constructors at link time to ensure that they
are executed in the correct order. When using the <code>CONSTRUCTORS</code>
command, use &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">SORT_BY_NAME(CONSTRUCTORS)</span></samp>&rsquo; instead. When using the
<code>.ctors</code> and <code>.dtors</code> sections, use &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*(SORT_BY_NAME(.ctors))</span></samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*(SORT_BY_NAME(.dtors))</span></samp>&rsquo; instead of just &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*(.ctors)</span></samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*(.dtors)</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>Normally the compiler and linker will handle these issues automatically,
and you will not need to concern yourself with them. However, you may
need to consider this if you are using C++ and writing your own linker
scripts.
</dl>
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<hr>
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<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.8.2 Output Section LMA</h5>
<p><a name="index-AT_003e_0040var_007blma_005fregion_007d-448"></a><a name="index-AT_0028_0040var_007blma_007d_0029-449"></a><a name="index-load-address-450"></a><a name="index-section-load-address-451"></a>Every section has a virtual address (VMA) and a load address (LMA); see
<a href="Basic-Script-Concepts.html#Basic-Script-Concepts">Basic Script Concepts</a>. The virtual address is specified by the
see <a href="Output-Section-Address.html#Output-Section-Address">Output Section Address</a> described earlier. The load address is
specified by the <code>AT</code> or <code>AT&gt;</code> keywords. Specifying a load
address is optional.
<p>The <code>AT</code> keyword takes an expression as an argument. This
specifies the exact load address of the section. The <code>AT&gt;</code> keyword
takes the name of a memory region as an argument. See <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a>. The
load address of the section is set to the next free address in the
region, aligned to the section's alignment requirements.
<p>If neither <code>AT</code> nor <code>AT&gt;</code> is specified for an allocatable
section, the linker will use the following heuristic to determine the
load address:
<ul>
<li>If the section has a specific VMA address, then this is used as
the LMA address as well.
<li>If the section is not allocatable then its LMA is set to its VMA.
<li>Otherwise if a memory region can be found that is compatible
with the current section, and this region contains at least one
section, then the LMA is set so the difference between the
VMA and LMA is the same as the difference between the VMA and LMA of
the last section in the located region.
<li>If no memory regions have been declared then a default region
that covers the entire address space is used in the previous step.
<li>If no suitable region could be found, or there was no previous
section then the LMA is set equal to the VMA.
</ul>
<p><a name="index-ROM-initialized-data-452"></a><a name="index-initialized-data-in-ROM-453"></a>This feature is designed to make it easy to build a ROM image. For
example, the following linker script creates three output sections: one
called &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo;, which starts at <code>0x1000</code>, one called
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.mdata</span></samp>&rsquo;, which is loaded at the end of the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; section
even though its VMA is <code>0x2000</code>, and one called &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.bss</span></samp>&rsquo; to hold
uninitialized data at address <code>0x3000</code>. The symbol <code>_data</code> is
defined with the value <code>0x2000</code>, which shows that the location
counter holds the VMA value, not the LMA value.
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS
{
.text 0x1000 : { *(.text) _etext = . ; }
.mdata 0x2000 :
AT ( ADDR (.text) + SIZEOF (.text) )
{ _data = . ; *(.data); _edata = . ; }
.bss 0x3000 :
{ _bstart = . ; *(.bss) *(COMMON) ; _bend = . ;}
}
</pre>
<p>The run-time initialization code for use with a program generated with
this linker script would include something like the following, to copy
the initialized data from the ROM image to its runtime address. Notice
how this code takes advantage of the symbols defined by the linker
script.
<pre class="smallexample"> extern char _etext, _data, _edata, _bstart, _bend;
char *src = &amp;_etext;
char *dst = &amp;_data;
/* ROM has data at end of text; copy it. */
while (dst &lt; &amp;_edata)
*dst++ = *src++;
/* Zero bss. */
for (dst = &amp;_bstart; dst&lt; &amp;_bend; dst++)
*dst = 0;
</pre>
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<h4 class="subsection">3.6.2 Output Section Name</h4>
<p><a name="index-name_002c-section-400"></a><a name="index-section-name-401"></a>The name of the output section is <var>section</var>. <var>section</var> must
meet the constraints of your output format. In formats which only
support a limited number of sections, such as <code>a.out</code>, the name
must be one of the names supported by the format (<code>a.out</code>, for
example, allows only &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.bss</span></samp>&rsquo;). If the
output format supports any number of sections, but with numbers and not
names (as is the case for Oasys), the name should be supplied as a
quoted numeric string. A section name may consist of any sequence of
characters, but a name which contains any unusual characters such as
commas must be quoted.
<p>The output section name &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">/DISCARD/</span></samp>&rsquo; is special; <a href="Output-Section-Discarding.html#Output-Section-Discarding">Output Section Discarding</a>.
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Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Output-Section-Region.html#Output-Section-Region">Output Section Region</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Output-Section-Attributes.html#Output-Section-Attributes">Output Section Attributes</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.8.7 Output Section Phdr</h5>
<p><a name="index-g_t_003a_0040var_007bphdr_007d-466"></a><a name="index-section_002c-assigning-to-program-header-467"></a><a name="index-program-headers-and-sections-468"></a>You can assign a section to a previously defined program segment by
using &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">:</span><var>phdr</var></samp>&rsquo;. See <a href="PHDRS.html#PHDRS">PHDRS</a>. If a section is assigned to
one or more segments, then all subsequent allocated sections will be
assigned to those segments as well, unless they use an explicitly
<code>:</code><var>phdr</var> modifier. You can use <code>:NONE</code> to tell the
linker to not put the section in any segment at all.
<p>Here is a simple example:
<pre class="smallexample"> PHDRS { text PT_LOAD ; }
SECTIONS { .text : { *(.text) } :text }
</pre>
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Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Output-Section-Attributes.html#Output-Section-Attributes">Output Section Attributes</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.8.6 Output Section Region</h5>
<p><a name="index-g_t_003e_0040var_007bregion_007d-463"></a><a name="index-section_002c-assigning-to-memory-region-464"></a><a name="index-memory-regions-and-sections-465"></a>You can assign a section to a previously defined region of memory by
using &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&gt;</span><var>region</var></samp>&rsquo;. See <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a>.
<p>Here is a simple example:
<pre class="smallexample"> MEMORY { rom : ORIGIN = 0x1000, LENGTH = 0x1000 }
SECTIONS { ROM : { *(.text) } &gt;rom }
</pre>
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Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Output-Section-Attributes.html#Output-Section-Attributes">Output Section Attributes</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.8.1 Output Section Type</h5>
<p>Each output section may have a type. The type is a keyword in
parentheses. The following types are defined:
<dl>
<dt><code>NOLOAD</code><dd>The section should be marked as not loadable, so that it will not be
loaded into memory when the program is run.
<br><dt><code>DSECT</code><dt><code>COPY</code><dt><code>INFO</code><dt><code>OVERLAY</code><dd>These type names are supported for backward compatibility, and are
rarely used. They all have the same effect: the section should be
marked as not allocatable, so that no memory is allocated for the
section when the program is run.
</dl>
<p><a name="index-NOLOAD-445"></a><a name="index-prevent-unnecessary-loading-446"></a><a name="index-loading_002c-preventing-447"></a>The linker normally sets the attributes of an output section based on
the input sections which map into it. You can override this by using
the section type. For example, in the script sample below, the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ROM</span></samp>&rsquo; section is addressed at memory location &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>&rsquo; and does not
need to be loaded when the program is run.
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS {
ROM 0 (NOLOAD) : { ... }
...
}
</pre>
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Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Output-Section-Attributes.html#Output-Section-Attributes">Output Section Attributes</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="SECTIONS.html#SECTIONS">SECTIONS</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.6.9 Overlay Description</h4>
<p><a name="index-OVERLAY-472"></a><a name="index-overlays-473"></a>An overlay description provides an easy way to describe sections which
are to be loaded as part of a single memory image but are to be run at
the same memory address. At run time, some sort of overlay manager will
copy the overlaid sections in and out of the runtime memory address as
required, perhaps by simply manipulating addressing bits. This approach
can be useful, for example, when a certain region of memory is faster
than another.
<p>Overlays are described using the <code>OVERLAY</code> command. The
<code>OVERLAY</code> command is used within a <code>SECTIONS</code> command, like an
output section description. The full syntax of the <code>OVERLAY</code>
command is as follows:
<pre class="smallexample"> OVERLAY [<var>start</var>] : [NOCROSSREFS] [AT ( <var>ldaddr</var> )]
{
<var>secname1</var>
{
<var>output-section-command</var>
<var>output-section-command</var>
...
} [:<var>phdr</var>...] [=<var>fill</var>]
<var>secname2</var>
{
<var>output-section-command</var>
<var>output-section-command</var>
...
} [:<var>phdr</var>...] [=<var>fill</var>]
...
} [&gt;<var>region</var>] [:<var>phdr</var>...] [=<var>fill</var>]
</pre>
<p>Everything is optional except <code>OVERLAY</code> (a keyword), and each
section must have a name (<var>secname1</var> and <var>secname2</var> above). The
section definitions within the <code>OVERLAY</code> construct are identical to
those within the general <code>SECTIONS</code> contruct (see <a href="SECTIONS.html#SECTIONS">SECTIONS</a>),
except that no addresses and no memory regions may be defined for
sections within an <code>OVERLAY</code>.
<p>The sections are all defined with the same starting address. The load
addresses of the sections are arranged such that they are consecutive in
memory starting at the load address used for the <code>OVERLAY</code> as a
whole (as with normal section definitions, the load address is optional,
and defaults to the start address; the start address is also optional,
and defaults to the current value of the location counter).
<p>If the <code>NOCROSSREFS</code> keyword is used, and there any references
among the sections, the linker will report an error. Since the sections
all run at the same address, it normally does not make sense for one
section to refer directly to another. See <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">NOCROSSREFS</a>.
<p>For each section within the <code>OVERLAY</code>, the linker automatically
provides two symbols. The symbol <code>__load_start_</code><var>secname</var> is
defined as the starting load address of the section. The symbol
<code>__load_stop_</code><var>secname</var> is defined as the final load address of
the section. Any characters within <var>secname</var> which are not legal
within C identifiers are removed. C (or assembler) code may use these
symbols to move the overlaid sections around as necessary.
<p>At the end of the overlay, the value of the location counter is set to
the start address of the overlay plus the size of the largest section.
<p>Here is an example. Remember that this would appear inside a
<code>SECTIONS</code> construct.
<pre class="smallexample"> OVERLAY 0x1000 : AT (0x4000)
{
.text0 { o1/*.o(.text) }
.text1 { o2/*.o(.text) }
}
</pre>
<p class="noindent">This will define both &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text0</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text1</span></samp>&rsquo; to start at
address 0x1000. &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text0</span></samp>&rsquo; will be loaded at address 0x4000, and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text1</span></samp>&rsquo; will be loaded immediately after &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text0</span></samp>&rsquo;. The
following symbols will be defined if referenced: <code>__load_start_text0</code>,
<code>__load_stop_text0</code>, <code>__load_start_text1</code>,
<code>__load_stop_text1</code>.
<p>C code to copy overlay <code>.text1</code> into the overlay area might look
like the following.
<pre class="smallexample"> extern char __load_start_text1, __load_stop_text1;
memcpy ((char *) 0x1000, &amp;__load_start_text1,
&amp;__load_stop_text1 - &amp;__load_start_text1);
</pre>
<p>Note that the <code>OVERLAY</code> command is just syntactic sugar, since
everything it does can be done using the more basic commands. The above
example could have been written identically as follows.
<pre class="smallexample"> .text0 0x1000 : AT (0x4000) { o1/*.o(.text) }
PROVIDE (__load_start_text0 = LOADADDR (.text0));
PROVIDE (__load_stop_text0 = LOADADDR (.text0) + SIZEOF (.text0));
.text1 0x1000 : AT (0x4000 + SIZEOF (.text0)) { o2/*.o(.text) }
PROVIDE (__load_start_text1 = LOADADDR (.text1));
PROVIDE (__load_stop_text1 = LOADADDR (.text1) + SIZEOF (.text1));
. = 0x1000 + MAX (SIZEOF (.text0), SIZEOF (.text1));
</pre>
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<h2 class="chapter">1 Overview</h2>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040sc_007bgnu_007d-linker-1"></a><a name="index-what-is-this_003f-2"></a>
<!-- man begin DESCRIPTION -->
<p><samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> combines a number of object and archive files, relocates
their data and ties up symbol references. Usually the last step in
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<a name="PHDRS"></a>
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<h3 class="section">3.8 PHDRS Command</h3>
<p><a name="index-PHDRS-486"></a><a name="index-program-headers-487"></a><a name="index-ELF-program-headers-488"></a><a name="index-program-segments-489"></a><a name="index-segments_002c-ELF-490"></a>The ELF object file format uses <dfn>program headers</dfn>, also knows as
<dfn>segments</dfn>. The program headers describe how the program should be
loaded into memory. You can print them out by using the <code>objdump</code>
program with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-p</span></samp>&rsquo; option.
<p>When you run an ELF program on a native ELF system, the system loader
reads the program headers in order to figure out how to load the
program. This will only work if the program headers are set correctly.
This manual does not describe the details of how the system loader
interprets program headers; for more information, see the ELF ABI.
<p>The linker will create reasonable program headers by default. However,
in some cases, you may need to specify the program headers more
precisely. You may use the <code>PHDRS</code> command for this purpose. When
the linker sees the <code>PHDRS</code> command in the linker script, it will
not create any program headers other than the ones specified.
<p>The linker only pays attention to the <code>PHDRS</code> command when
generating an ELF output file. In other cases, the linker will simply
ignore <code>PHDRS</code>.
<p>This is the syntax of the <code>PHDRS</code> command. The words <code>PHDRS</code>,
<code>FILEHDR</code>, <code>AT</code>, and <code>FLAGS</code> are keywords.
<pre class="smallexample"> PHDRS
{
<var>name</var> <var>type</var> [ FILEHDR ] [ PHDRS ] [ AT ( <var>address</var> ) ]
[ FLAGS ( <var>flags</var> ) ] ;
}
</pre>
<p>The <var>name</var> is used only for reference in the <code>SECTIONS</code> command
of the linker script. It is not put into the output file. Program
header names are stored in a separate name space, and will not conflict
with symbol names, file names, or section names. Each program header
must have a distinct name. The headers are processed in order and it
is usual for them to map to sections in ascending load address order.
<p>Certain program header types describe segments of memory which the
system loader will load from the file. In the linker script, you
specify the contents of these segments by placing allocatable output
sections in the segments. You use the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">:</span><var>phdr</var></samp>&rsquo; output section
attribute to place a section in a particular segment. See <a href="Output-Section-Phdr.html#Output-Section-Phdr">Output Section Phdr</a>.
<p>It is normal to put certain sections in more than one segment. This
merely implies that one segment of memory contains another. You may
repeat &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">:</span><var>phdr</var></samp>&rsquo;, using it once for each segment which should
contain the section.
<p>If you place a section in one or more segments using &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">:</span><var>phdr</var></samp>&rsquo;,
then the linker will place all subsequent allocatable sections which do
not specify &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">:</span><var>phdr</var></samp>&rsquo; in the same segments. This is for
convenience, since generally a whole set of contiguous sections will be
placed in a single segment. You can use <code>:NONE</code> to override the
default segment and tell the linker to not put the section in any
segment at all.
<p><a name="index-FILEHDR-491"></a><a name="index-PHDRS-492"></a>You may use the <code>FILEHDR</code> and <code>PHDRS</code> keywords after
the program header type to further describe the contents of the segment.
The <code>FILEHDR</code> keyword means that the segment should include the ELF
file header. The <code>PHDRS</code> keyword means that the segment should
include the ELF program headers themselves. If applied to a loadable
segment (<code>PT_LOAD</code>), all prior loadable segments must have one of
these keywords.
<p>The <var>type</var> may be one of the following. The numbers indicate the
value of the keyword.
<dl>
<dt><code>PT_NULL</code> (0)<dd>Indicates an unused program header.
<br><dt><code>PT_LOAD</code> (1)<dd>Indicates that this program header describes a segment to be loaded from
the file.
<br><dt><code>PT_DYNAMIC</code> (2)<dd>Indicates a segment where dynamic linking information can be found.
<br><dt><code>PT_INTERP</code> (3)<dd>Indicates a segment where the name of the program interpreter may be
found.
<br><dt><code>PT_NOTE</code> (4)<dd>Indicates a segment holding note information.
<br><dt><code>PT_SHLIB</code> (5)<dd>A reserved program header type, defined but not specified by the ELF
ABI.
<br><dt><code>PT_PHDR</code> (6)<dd>Indicates a segment where the program headers may be found.
<br><dt><var>expression</var><dd>An expression giving the numeric type of the program header. This may
be used for types not defined above.
</dl>
<p>You can specify that a segment should be loaded at a particular address
in memory by using an <code>AT</code> expression. This is identical to the
<code>AT</code> command used as an output section attribute (see <a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#Output-Section-LMA">Output Section LMA</a>). The <code>AT</code> command for a program header overrides the
output section attribute.
<p>The linker will normally set the segment flags based on the sections
which comprise the segment. You may use the <code>FLAGS</code> keyword to
explicitly specify the segment flags. The value of <var>flags</var> must be
an integer. It is used to set the <code>p_flags</code> field of the program
header.
<p>Here is an example of <code>PHDRS</code>. This shows a typical set of program
headers used on a native ELF system.
<pre class="example"> PHDRS
{
headers PT_PHDR PHDRS ;
interp PT_INTERP ;
text PT_LOAD FILEHDR PHDRS ;
data PT_LOAD ;
dynamic PT_DYNAMIC ;
}
SECTIONS
{
. = SIZEOF_HEADERS;
.interp : { *(.interp) } :text :interp
.text : { *(.text) } :text
.rodata : { *(.rodata) } /* defaults to :text */
...
. = . + 0x1000; /* move to a new page in memory */
.data : { *(.data) } :data
.dynamic : { *(.dynamic) } :data :dynamic
...
}
</pre>
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<h4 class="subsection">3.5.3 PROVIDE</h4>
<p><a name="index-PROVIDE-397"></a>In some cases, it is desirable for a linker script to define a symbol
only if it is referenced and is not defined by any object included in
the link. For example, traditional linkers defined the symbol
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">etext</span></samp>&rsquo;. However, ANSI C requires that the user be able to use
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">etext</span></samp>&rsquo; as a function name without encountering an error. The
<code>PROVIDE</code> keyword may be used to define a symbol, such as
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">etext</span></samp>&rsquo;, only if it is referenced but not defined. The syntax is
<code>PROVIDE(</code><var>symbol</var><code> = </code><var>expression</var><code>)</code>.
<p>Here is an example of using <code>PROVIDE</code> to define &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">etext</span></samp>&rsquo;:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS
{
.text :
{
*(.text)
_etext = .;
PROVIDE(etext = .);
}
}
</pre>
<p>In this example, if the program defines &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">_etext</span></samp>&rsquo; (with a leading
underscore), the linker will give a multiple definition error. If, on
the other hand, the program defines &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">etext</span></samp>&rsquo; (with no leading
underscore), the linker will silently use the definition in the program.
If the program references &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">etext</span></samp>&rsquo; but does not define it, the
linker will use the definition in the linker script.
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<h4 class="subsection">3.5.4 PROVIDE_HIDDEN</h4>
<p><a name="index-PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN-398"></a>Similar to <code>PROVIDE</code>. For ELF targeted ports, the symbol will be
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<h3 class="section">4.9 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and PowerPC 32-bit ELF Support</h3>
<p><a name="index-PowerPC-long-branches-624"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002drelax-on-PowerPC-625"></a>Branches on PowerPC processors are limited to a signed 26-bit
displacement, which may result in <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> giving
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">relocation truncated to fit</span></samp>&rsquo; errors with very large programs.
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--relax</span></samp>&rsquo; enables the generation of trampolines that can access
the entire 32-bit address space. These trampolines are inserted at
section boundaries, so may not themselves be reachable if an input
section exceeds 33M in size. You may combine &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-r</span></samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--relax</span></samp>&rsquo; to add trampolines in a partial link. In that case
both branches to undefined symbols and inter-section branches are also
considered potentially out of range, and trampolines inserted.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC-ELF32-options-626"></a>
<a name="index-PowerPC-PLT-627"></a>
<a name="index-g_t_002d_002dbss_002dplt-628"></a>
<dl><dt><samp><span class="option">--bss-plt</span></samp><dd>Current PowerPC GCC accepts a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-msecure-plt</span></samp>&rsquo; option that
generates code capable of using a newer PLT and GOT layout that has
the security advantage of no executable section ever needing to be
writable and no writable section ever being executable. PowerPC
<samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> will generate this layout, including stubs to access the
PLT, if all input files (including startup and static libraries) were
compiled with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-msecure-plt</span></samp>&rsquo;. &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--bss-plt</span></samp>&rsquo; forces the old
BSS PLT (and GOT layout) which can give slightly better performance.
<p><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dsecure_002dplt-629"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--secure-plt</span></samp><dd><samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> will use the new PLT and GOT layout if it is linking new
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-fpic</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-fPIC</span></samp>&rsquo; code, but does not do so automatically
when linking non-PIC code. This option requests the new PLT and GOT
layout. A warning will be given if some object file requires the old
style BSS PLT.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC-GOT-630"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dsdata_002dgot-631"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--sdata-got</span></samp><dd>The new secure PLT and GOT are placed differently relative to other
sections compared to older BSS PLT and GOT placement. The location of
<code>.plt</code> must change because the new secure PLT is an initialized
section while the old PLT is uninitialized. The reason for the
<code>.got</code> change is more subtle: The new placement allows
<code>.got</code> to be read-only in applications linked with
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-z relro -z now</span></samp>&rsquo;. However, this placement means that
<code>.sdata</code> cannot always be used in shared libraries, because the
PowerPC ABI accesses <code>.sdata</code> in shared libraries from the GOT
pointer. &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--sdata-got</span></samp>&rsquo; forces the old GOT placement. PowerPC
GCC doesn't use <code>.sdata</code> in shared libraries, so this option is
really only useful for other compilers that may do so.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC-stub-symbols-632"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002demit_002dstub_002dsyms-633"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--emit-stub-syms</span></samp><dd>This option causes <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> to label linker stubs with a local
symbol that encodes the stub type and destination.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC-TLS-optimization-634"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dtls_002doptimize-635"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--no-tls-optimize</span></samp><dd>PowerPC <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> normally performs some optimization of code
sequences used to access Thread-Local Storage. Use this option to
disable the optimization.
</dl>
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<h3 class="section">4.10 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and PowerPC64 64-bit ELF Support</h3>
<p><a name="index-PowerPC64-ELF64-options-636"></a>
<a name="index-PowerPC64-stub-grouping-637"></a>
<a name="index-g_t_002d_002dstub_002dgroup_002dsize-638"></a>
<dl><dt><samp><span class="option">--stub-group-size</span></samp><dd>Long branch stubs, PLT call stubs and TOC adjusting stubs are placed
by <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> in stub sections located between groups of input sections.
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--stub-group-size</span></samp>&rsquo; specifies the maximum size of a group of input
sections handled by one stub section. Since branch offsets are signed,
a stub section may serve two groups of input sections, one group before
the stub section, and one group after it. However, when using
conditional branches that require stubs, it may be better (for branch
prediction) that stub sections only serve one group of input sections.
A negative value for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">N</span></samp>&rsquo; chooses this scheme, ensuring that
branches to stubs always use a negative offset. Two special values of
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">N</span></samp>&rsquo; are recognized, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo;. These both instruct
<samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> to automatically size input section groups for the branch types
detected, with the same behaviour regarding stub placement as other
positive or negative values of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">N</span></samp>&rsquo; respectively.
<p>Note that &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--stub-group-size</span></samp>&rsquo; does not split input sections. A
single input section larger than the group size specified will of course
create a larger group (of one section). If input sections are too
large, it may not be possible for a branch to reach its stub.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC64-stub-symbols-639"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002demit_002dstub_002dsyms-640"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--emit-stub-syms</span></samp><dd>This option causes <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> to label linker stubs with a local
symbol that encodes the stub type and destination.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC64-dot-symbols-641"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002ddotsyms-642"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002ddotsyms-643"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--dotsyms, --no-dotsyms</span></samp><dd>These two options control how <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> interprets version patterns
in a version script. Older PowerPC64 compilers emitted both a
function descriptor symbol with the same name as the function, and a
code entry symbol with the name prefixed by a dot (&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo;). To
properly version a function &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo;, the version script thus needs
to control both &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.foo</span></samp>&rsquo;. The option
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--dotsyms</span></samp>&rsquo;, on by default, automatically adds the required
dot-prefixed patterns. Use &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--no-dotsyms</span></samp>&rsquo; to disable this
feature.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC64-TLS-optimization-644"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dtls_002doptimize-645"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--no-tls-optimize</span></samp><dd>PowerPC64 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> normally performs some optimization of code
sequences used to access Thread-Local Storage. Use this option to
disable the optimization.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC64-OPD-optimization-646"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dopd_002doptimize-647"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--no-opd-optimize</span></samp><dd>PowerPC64 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> normally removes <code>.opd</code> section entries
corresponding to deleted link-once functions, or functions removed by
the action of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--gc-sections</span></samp>&rsquo; or linker script <code>/DISCARD/</code>.
Use this option to disable <code>.opd</code> optimization.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC64-OPD-spacing-648"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dnon_002doverlapping_002dopd-649"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--non-overlapping-opd</span></samp><dd>Some PowerPC64 compilers have an option to generate compressed
<code>.opd</code> entries spaced 16 bytes apart, overlapping the third word,
the static chain pointer (unused in C) with the first word of the next
entry. This option expands such entries to the full 24 bytes.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC64-TOC-optimization-650"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dtoc_002doptimize-651"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--no-toc-optimize</span></samp><dd>PowerPC64 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> normally removes unused <code>.toc</code> section
entries. Such entries are detected by examining relocations that
reference the TOC in code sections. A reloc in a deleted code section
marks a TOC word as unneeded, while a reloc in a kept code section
marks a TOC word as needed. Since the TOC may reference itself, TOC
relocs are also examined. TOC words marked as both needed and
unneeded will of course be kept. TOC words without any referencing
reloc are assumed to be part of a multi-word entry, and are kept or
discarded as per the nearest marked preceding word. This works
reliably for compiler generated code, but may be incorrect if assembly
code is used to insert TOC entries. Use this option to disable the
optimization.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC64-multi_002dTOC-652"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dmulti_002dtoc-653"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--no-multi-toc</span></samp><dd>If given any toc option besides <code>-mcmodel=medium</code> or
<code>-mcmodel=large</code>, PowerPC64 GCC generates code for a TOC model
where TOC
entries are accessed with a 16-bit offset from r2. This limits the
total TOC size to 64K. PowerPC64 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> extends this limit by
grouping code sections such that each group uses less than 64K for its
TOC entries, then inserts r2 adjusting stubs between inter-group
calls. <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> does not split apart input sections, so cannot
help if a single input file has a <code>.toc</code> section that exceeds
64K, most likely from linking multiple files with <samp><span class="command">ld -r</span></samp>.
Use this option to turn off this feature.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC64-TOC-sorting-654"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dtoc_002dsort-655"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--no-toc-sort</span></samp><dd>By default, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> sorts TOC sections so that those whose file
happens to have a section called <code>.init</code> or <code>.fini</code> are
placed first, followed by TOC sections referenced by code generated
with PowerPC64 gcc's <code>-mcmodel=small</code>, and lastly TOC sections
referenced only by code generated with PowerPC64 gcc's
<code>-mcmodel=medium</code> or <code>-mcmodel=large</code> options. Doing this
results in better TOC grouping for multi-TOC. Use this option to turn
off this feature.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC64-PLT-stub-alignment-656"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dplt_002dalign-657"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dplt_002dalign-658"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--plt-align</span></samp><dt><samp><span class="option">--no-plt-align</span></samp><dd>Use these options to control whether individual PLT call stubs are
aligned to a 32-byte boundary, or to the specified power of two
boundary when using <code>--plt-align=</code>. By default PLT call stubs
are packed tightly.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC64-PLT-call-stub-static-chain-659"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dplt_002dstatic_002dchain-660"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dplt_002dstatic_002dchain-661"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--plt-static-chain</span></samp><dt><samp><span class="option">--no-plt-static-chain</span></samp><dd>Use these options to control whether PLT call stubs load the static
chain pointer (r11). <code>ld</code> defaults to not loading the static
chain since there is never any need to do so on a PLT call.
<p><a name="index-PowerPC64-PLT-call-stub-thread-safety-662"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dplt_002dthread_002dsafe-663"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dplt_002dthread_002dsafe-664"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--plt-thread-safe</span></samp><dt><samp><span class="option">--no-thread-safe</span></samp><dd>With power7's weakly ordered memory model, it is possible when using
lazy binding for ld.so to update a plt entry in one thread and have
another thread see the individual plt entry words update in the wrong
order, despite ld.so carefully writing in the correct order and using
memory write barriers. To avoid this we need some sort of read
barrier in the call stub, or use LD_BIND_NOW=1. By default, <code>ld</code>
looks for calls to commonly used functions that create threads, and if
seen, adds the necessary barriers. Use these options to change the
default behaviour.
</dl>
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<h4 class="subsection">3.4.4 Assign alias names to memory regions</h4>
<p><a name="index-REGION_005fALIAS_0028_0040var_007balias_007d_002c-_0040var_007bregion_007d_0029-374"></a><a name="index-region-alias-375"></a><a name="index-region-names-376"></a>
Alias names can be added to existing memory regions created with the
<a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a> command. Each name corresponds to at most one memory region.
<pre class="smallexample"> REGION_ALIAS(<var>alias</var>, <var>region</var>)
</pre>
<p>The <code>REGION_ALIAS</code> function creates an alias name <var>alias</var> for the
memory region <var>region</var>. This allows a flexible mapping of output sections
to memory regions. An example follows.
<p>Suppose we have an application for embedded systems which come with various
memory storage devices. All have a general purpose, volatile memory <code>RAM</code>
that allows code execution or data storage. Some may have a read-only,
non-volatile memory <code>ROM</code> that allows code execution and read-only data
access. The last variant is a read-only, non-volatile memory <code>ROM2</code> with
read-only data access and no code execution capability. We have four output
sections:
<ul>
<li><code>.text</code> program code;
<li><code>.rodata</code> read-only data;
<li><code>.data</code> read-write initialized data;
<li><code>.bss</code> read-write zero initialized data.
</ul>
<p>The goal is to provide a linker command file that contains a system independent
part defining the output sections and a system dependent part mapping the
output sections to the memory regions available on the system. Our embedded
systems come with three different memory setups <code>A</code>, <code>B</code> and
<code>C</code>:
<p><table summary=""><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="25%">Section </td><td valign="top" width="25%">Variant A </td><td valign="top" width="25%">Variant B </td><td valign="top" width="25%">Variant C
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="25%">.text </td><td valign="top" width="25%">RAM </td><td valign="top" width="25%">ROM </td><td valign="top" width="25%">ROM
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="25%">.rodata </td><td valign="top" width="25%">RAM </td><td valign="top" width="25%">ROM </td><td valign="top" width="25%">ROM2
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="25%">.data </td><td valign="top" width="25%">RAM </td><td valign="top" width="25%">RAM/ROM </td><td valign="top" width="25%">RAM/ROM2
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="25%">.bss </td><td valign="top" width="25%">RAM </td><td valign="top" width="25%">RAM </td><td valign="top" width="25%">RAM
<br></td></tr></table>
The notation <code>RAM/ROM</code> or <code>RAM/ROM2</code> means that this section is
loaded into region <code>ROM</code> or <code>ROM2</code> respectively. Please note that
the load address of the <code>.data</code> section starts in all three variants at
the end of the <code>.rodata</code> section.
<p>The base linker script that deals with the output sections follows. It
includes the system dependent <code>linkcmds.memory</code> file that describes the
memory layout:
<pre class="smallexample"> INCLUDE linkcmds.memory
SECTIONS
{
.text :
{
*(.text)
} &gt; REGION_TEXT
.rodata :
{
*(.rodata)
rodata_end = .;
} &gt; REGION_RODATA
.data : AT (rodata_end)
{
data_start = .;
*(.data)
} &gt; REGION_DATA
data_size = SIZEOF(.data);
data_load_start = LOADADDR(.data);
.bss :
{
*(.bss)
} &gt; REGION_BSS
}
</pre>
<p>Now we need three different <code>linkcmds.memory</code> files to define memory
regions and alias names. The content of <code>linkcmds.memory</code> for the three
variants <code>A</code>, <code>B</code> and <code>C</code>:
<dl>
<dt><code>A</code><dd>Here everything goes into the <code>RAM</code>.
<pre class="smallexample"> MEMORY
{
RAM : ORIGIN = 0, LENGTH = 4M
}
REGION_ALIAS("REGION_TEXT", RAM);
REGION_ALIAS("REGION_RODATA", RAM);
REGION_ALIAS("REGION_DATA", RAM);
REGION_ALIAS("REGION_BSS", RAM);
</pre>
<br><dt><code>B</code><dd>Program code and read-only data go into the <code>ROM</code>. Read-write data goes
into the <code>RAM</code>. An image of the initialized data is loaded into the
<code>ROM</code> and will be copied during system start into the <code>RAM</code>.
<pre class="smallexample"> MEMORY
{
ROM : ORIGIN = 0, LENGTH = 3M
RAM : ORIGIN = 0x10000000, LENGTH = 1M
}
REGION_ALIAS("REGION_TEXT", ROM);
REGION_ALIAS("REGION_RODATA", ROM);
REGION_ALIAS("REGION_DATA", RAM);
REGION_ALIAS("REGION_BSS", RAM);
</pre>
<br><dt><code>C</code><dd>Program code goes into the <code>ROM</code>. Read-only data goes into the
<code>ROM2</code>. Read-write data goes into the <code>RAM</code>. An image of the
initialized data is loaded into the <code>ROM2</code> and will be copied during
system start into the <code>RAM</code>.
<pre class="smallexample"> MEMORY
{
ROM : ORIGIN = 0, LENGTH = 2M
ROM2 : ORIGIN = 0x10000000, LENGTH = 1M
RAM : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 1M
}
REGION_ALIAS("REGION_TEXT", ROM);
REGION_ALIAS("REGION_RODATA", ROM2);
REGION_ALIAS("REGION_DATA", RAM);
REGION_ALIAS("REGION_BSS", RAM);
</pre>
</dl>
<p>It is possible to write a common system initialization routine to copy the
<code>.data</code> section from <code>ROM</code> or <code>ROM2</code> into the <code>RAM</code> if
necessary:
<pre class="smallexample"> #include &lt;string.h&gt;
extern char data_start [];
extern char data_size [];
extern char data_load_start [];
void copy_data(void)
{
if (data_start != data_load_start)
{
memcpy(data_start, data_load_start, (size_t) data_size);
}
}
</pre>
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<h2 class="chapter">6 Reporting Bugs</h2>
<p><a name="index-bugs-in-_0040command_007bld_007d-706"></a><a name="index-reporting-bugs-in-_0040command_007bld_007d-707"></a>
Your bug reports play an essential role in making <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> reliable.
<p>Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, or
it may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report is
to help the entire community by making the next version of <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp>
work better. Bug reports are your contribution to the maintenance of
<samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp>.
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information that enables us to fix the bug.
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<h3 class="section">3.6 SECTIONS Command</h3>
<p><a name="index-SECTIONS-399"></a>The <code>SECTIONS</code> command tells the linker how to map input sections
into output sections, and how to place the output sections in memory.
<p>The format of the <code>SECTIONS</code> command is:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS
{
<var>sections-command</var>
<var>sections-command</var>
...
}
</pre>
<p>Each <var>sections-command</var> may of be one of the following:
<ul>
<li>an <code>ENTRY</code> command (see <a href="Entry-Point.html#Entry-Point">Entry command</a>)
<li>a symbol assignment (see <a href="Assignments.html#Assignments">Assignments</a>)
<li>an output section description
<li>an overlay description
</ul>
<p>The <code>ENTRY</code> command and symbol assignments are permitted inside the
<code>SECTIONS</code> command for convenience in using the location counter in
those commands. This can also make the linker script easier to
understand because you can use those commands at meaningful points in
the layout of the output file.
<p>Output section descriptions and overlay descriptions are described
below.
<p>If you do not use a <code>SECTIONS</code> command in your linker script, the
linker will place each input section into an identically named output
section in the order that the sections are first encountered in the
input files. If all input sections are present in the first file, for
example, the order of sections in the output file will match the order
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<h3 class="section">4.11 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and SPU ELF Support</h3>
<p><a name="index-SPU-ELF-options-665"></a>
<a name="index-SPU-plugins-666"></a>
<a name="index-g_t_002d_002dplugin-667"></a>
<dl><dt><samp><span class="option">--plugin</span></samp><dd>This option marks an executable as a PIC plugin module.
<p><a name="index-SPU-overlays-668"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002doverlays-669"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--no-overlays</span></samp><dd>Normally, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> recognizes calls to functions within overlay
regions, and redirects such calls to an overlay manager via a stub.
<samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> also provides a built-in overlay manager. This option
turns off all this special overlay handling.
<p><a name="index-SPU-overlay-stub-symbols-670"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002demit_002dstub_002dsyms-671"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--emit-stub-syms</span></samp><dd>This option causes <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> to label overlay stubs with a local
symbol that encodes the stub type and destination.
<p><a name="index-SPU-extra-overlay-stubs-672"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dextra_002doverlay_002dstubs-673"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--extra-overlay-stubs</span></samp><dd>This option causes <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> to add overlay call stubs on all
function calls out of overlay regions. Normally stubs are not added
on calls to non-overlay regions.
<p><a name="index-SPU-local-store-size-674"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dlocal_002dstore_003dlo_003ahi-675"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--local-store=lo:hi</span></samp><dd><samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> usually checks that a final executable for SPU fits in
the address range 0 to 256k. This option may be used to change the
range. Disable the check entirely with <samp><span class="option">--local-store=0:0</span></samp>.
<p><a name="index-SPU-676"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dstack_002danalysis-677"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--stack-analysis</span></samp><dd>SPU local store space is limited. Over-allocation of stack space
unnecessarily limits space available for code and data, while
under-allocation results in runtime failures. If given this option,
<samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> will provide an estimate of maximum stack usage.
<samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> does this by examining symbols in code sections to
determine the extents of functions, and looking at function prologues
for stack adjusting instructions. A call-graph is created by looking
for relocations on branch instructions. The graph is then searched
for the maximum stack usage path. Note that this analysis does not
find calls made via function pointers, and does not handle recursion
and other cycles in the call graph. Stack usage may be
under-estimated if your code makes such calls. Also, stack usage for
dynamic allocation, e.g. alloca, will not be detected. If a link map
is requested, detailed information about each function's stack usage
and calls will be given.
<p><a name="index-SPU-678"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002demit_002dstack_002dsyms-679"></a><br><dt><samp><span class="option">--emit-stack-syms</span></samp><dd>This option, if given along with <samp><span class="option">--stack-analysis</span></samp> will result
in <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> emitting stack sizing symbols for each function.
These take the form <code>__stack_&lt;function_name&gt;</code> for global
functions, and <code>__stack_&lt;number&gt;_&lt;function_name&gt;</code> for static
functions. <code>&lt;number&gt;</code> is the section id in hex. The value of
such symbols is the stack requirement for the corresponding function.
The symbol size will be zero, type <code>STT_NOTYPE</code>, binding
<code>STB_LOCAL</code>, and section <code>SHN_ABS</code>.
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<h3 class="section">3.2 Linker Script Format</h3>
<p><a name="index-linker-script-format-344"></a>Linker scripts are text files.
<p>You write a linker script as a series of commands. Each command is
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symbol. You may separate commands using semicolons. Whitespace is
generally ignored.
<p>Strings such as file or format names can normally be entered directly.
If the file name contains a character such as a comma which would
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file name.
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&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">/*</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*/</span></samp>&rsquo;. As in C, comments are syntactically equivalent
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<h2 class="chapter">3 Linker Scripts</h2>
<p><a name="index-scripts-340"></a><a name="index-linker-scripts-341"></a><a name="index-command-files-342"></a>Every link is controlled by a <dfn>linker script</dfn>. This script is
written in the linker command language.
<p>The main purpose of the linker script is to describe how the sections in
the input files should be mapped into the output file, and to control
the memory layout of the output file. Most linker scripts do nothing
more than this. However, when necessary, the linker script can also
direct the linker to perform many other operations, using the commands
described below.
<p>The linker always uses a linker script. If you do not supply one
yourself, the linker will use a default script that is compiled into the
linker executable. You can use the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>&rsquo; command line option
to display the default linker script. Certain command line options,
such as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-r</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-N</span></samp>&rsquo;, will affect the default linker script.
<p>You may supply your own linker script by using the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>&rsquo; command
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<p>
<a name="Simple-Assignments"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="HIDDEN.html#HIDDEN">HIDDEN</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Assignments.html#Assignments">Assignments</a>
<hr>
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<h4 class="subsection">3.5.1 Simple Assignments</h4>
<p>You may assign to a symbol using any of the C assignment operators:
<dl>
<dt><var>symbol</var><code> = </code><var>expression</var><code> ;</code><dt><var>symbol</var><code> += </code><var>expression</var><code> ;</code><dt><var>symbol</var><code> -= </code><var>expression</var><code> ;</code><dt><var>symbol</var><code> *= </code><var>expression</var><code> ;</code><dt><var>symbol</var><code> /= </code><var>expression</var><code> ;</code><dt><var>symbol</var><code> &lt;&lt;= </code><var>expression</var><code> ;</code><dt><var>symbol</var><code> &gt;&gt;= </code><var>expression</var><code> ;</code><dt><var>symbol</var><code> &amp;= </code><var>expression</var><code> ;</code><dt><var>symbol</var><code> |= </code><var>expression</var><code> ;</code><dd></dl>
<p>The first case will define <var>symbol</var> to the value of
<var>expression</var>. In the other cases, <var>symbol</var> must already be
defined, and the value will be adjusted accordingly.
<p>The special symbol name &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo; indicates the location counter. You
may only use this within a <code>SECTIONS</code> command. See <a href="Location-Counter.html#Location-Counter">Location Counter</a>.
<p>The semicolon after <var>expression</var> is required.
<p>Expressions are defined below; see <a href="Expressions.html#Expressions">Expressions</a>.
<p>You may write symbol assignments as commands in their own right, or as
statements within a <code>SECTIONS</code> command, or as part of an output
section description in a <code>SECTIONS</code> command.
<p>The section of the symbol will be set from the section of the
expression; for more information, see <a href="Expression-Section.html#Expression-Section">Expression Section</a>.
<p>Here is an example showing the three different places that symbol
assignments may be used:
<pre class="smallexample"> floating_point = 0;
SECTIONS
{
.text :
{
*(.text)
_etext = .;
}
_bdata = (. + 3) &amp; ~ 3;
.data : { *(.data) }
}
</pre>
<p class="noindent">In this example, the symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">floating_point</span></samp>&rsquo; will be defined as
zero. The symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">_etext</span></samp>&rsquo; will be defined as the address following
the last &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; input section. The symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">_bdata</span></samp>&rsquo; will be
defined as the address following the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; output section aligned
upward to a 4 byte boundary.
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<h3 class="section">3.4 Simple Linker Script Commands</h3>
<p><a name="index-linker-script-simple-commands-347"></a>In this section we describe the simple linker script commands.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="Entry-Point.html#Entry-Point">Entry Point</a>: Setting the entry point
<li><a accesskey="2" href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">File Commands</a>: Commands dealing with files
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Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Scripts.html#Scripts">Scripts</a>
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</div>
<h3 class="section">3.3 Simple Linker Script Example</h3>
<p><a name="index-linker-script-example-345"></a><a name="index-example-of-linker-script-346"></a>Many linker scripts are fairly simple.
<p>The simplest possible linker script has just one command:
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">SECTIONS</span></samp>&rsquo;. You use the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">SECTIONS</span></samp>&rsquo; command to describe the
memory layout of the output file.
<p>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">SECTIONS</span></samp>&rsquo; command is a powerful command. Here we will
describe a simple use of it. Let's assume your program consists only of
code, initialized data, and uninitialized data. These will be in the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.bss</span></samp>&rsquo; sections, respectively.
Let's assume further that these are the only sections which appear in
your input files.
<p>For this example, let's say that the code should be loaded at address
0x10000, and that the data should start at address 0x8000000. Here is a
linker script which will do that:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS
{
. = 0x10000;
.text : { *(.text) }
. = 0x8000000;
.data : { *(.data) }
.bss : { *(.bss) }
}
</pre>
<p>You write the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">SECTIONS</span></samp>&rsquo; command as the keyword &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">SECTIONS</span></samp>&rsquo;,
followed by a series of symbol assignments and output section
descriptions enclosed in curly braces.
<p>The first line inside the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">SECTIONS</span></samp>&rsquo; command of the above example
sets the value of the special symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo;, which is the location
counter. If you do not specify the address of an output section in some
other way (other ways are described later), the address is set from the
current value of the location counter. The location counter is then
incremented by the size of the output section. At the start of the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">SECTIONS</span></samp>&rsquo; command, the location counter has the value &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>The second line defines an output section, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo;. The colon is
required syntax which may be ignored for now. Within the curly braces
after the output section name, you list the names of the input sections
which should be placed into this output section. The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>&rsquo; is a
wildcard which matches any file name. The expression &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*(.text)</span></samp>&rsquo;
means all &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; input sections in all input files.
<p>Since the location counter is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0x10000</span></samp>&rsquo; when the output section
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; is defined, the linker will set the address of the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; section in the output file to be &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0x10000</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>The remaining lines define the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.bss</span></samp>&rsquo; sections in
the output file. The linker will place the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo; output section
at address &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0x8000000</span></samp>&rsquo;. After the linker places the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo;
output section, the value of the location counter will be
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0x8000000</span></samp>&rsquo; plus the size of the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo; output section. The
effect is that the linker will place the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.bss</span></samp>&rsquo; output section
immediately after the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo; output section in memory.
<p>The linker will ensure that each output section has the required
alignment, by increasing the location counter if necessary. In this
example, the specified addresses for the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.text</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo;
sections will probably satisfy any alignment constraints, but the linker
may have to create a small gap between the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.bss</span></samp>&rsquo;
sections.
<p>That's it! That's a simple and complete linker script.
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<h4 class="subsection">3.5.5 Source Code Reference</h4>
<p>Accessing a linker script defined variable from source code is not
intuitive. In particular a linker script symbol is not equivalent to
a variable declaration in a high level language, it is instead a
symbol that does not have a value.
<p>Before going further, it is important to note that compilers often
transform names in the source code into different names when they are
stored in the symbol table. For example, Fortran compilers commonly
prepend or append an underscore, and C++ performs extensive &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">name
mangling</span></samp>&rsquo;. Therefore there might be a discrepancy between the name
of a variable as it is used in source code and the name of the same
variable as it is defined in a linker script. For example in C a
linker script variable might be referred to as:
<pre class="smallexample"> extern int foo;
</pre>
<p>But in the linker script it might be defined as:
<pre class="smallexample"> _foo = 1000;
</pre>
<p>In the remaining examples however it is assumed that no name
transformation has taken place.
<p>When a symbol is declared in a high level language such as C, two
things happen. The first is that the compiler reserves enough space
in the program's memory to hold the <em>value</em> of the symbol. The
second is that the compiler creates an entry in the program's symbol
table which holds the symbol's <em>address</em>. ie the symbol table
contains the address of the block of memory holding the symbol's
value. So for example the following C declaration, at file scope:
<pre class="smallexample"> int foo = 1000;
</pre>
<p>creates a entry called &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; in the symbol table. This entry
holds the address of an &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">int</span></samp>&rsquo; sized block of memory where the
number 1000 is initially stored.
<p>When a program references a symbol the compiler generates code that
first accesses the symbol table to find the address of the symbol's
memory block and then code to read the value from that memory block.
So:
<pre class="smallexample"> foo = 1;
</pre>
<p>looks up the symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; in the symbol table, gets the address
associated with this symbol and then writes the value 1 into that
address. Whereas:
<pre class="smallexample"> int * a = &amp; foo;
</pre>
<p>looks up the symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; in the symbol table, gets it address
and then copies this address into the block of memory associated with
the variable &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">a</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>Linker scripts symbol declarations, by contrast, create an entry in
the symbol table but do not assign any memory to them. Thus they are
an address without a value. So for example the linker script definition:
<pre class="smallexample"> foo = 1000;
</pre>
<p>creates an entry in the symbol table called &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; which holds
the address of memory location 1000, but nothing special is stored at
address 1000. This means that you cannot access the <em>value</em> of a
linker script defined symbol - it has no value - all you can do is
access the <em>address</em> of a linker script defined symbol.
<p>Hence when you are using a linker script defined symbol in source code
you should always take the address of the symbol, and never attempt to
use its value. For example suppose you want to copy the contents of a
section of memory called .ROM into a section called .FLASH and the
linker script contains these declarations:
<pre class="smallexample"> start_of_ROM = .ROM;
end_of_ROM = .ROM + sizeof (.ROM) - 1;
start_of_FLASH = .FLASH;
</pre>
<p>Then the C source code to perform the copy would be:
<pre class="smallexample"> extern char start_of_ROM, end_of_ROM, start_of_FLASH;
memcpy (&amp; start_of_FLASH, &amp; start_of_ROM, &amp; end_of_ROM - &amp; start_of_ROM);
</pre>
<p>Note the use of the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&amp;</span></samp>&rsquo; operators. These are correct.
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<h4 class="subsection">3.10.2 Symbolic Constants</h4>
<p><a name="index-symbolic-constants-506"></a><a name="index-CONSTANT-507"></a>It is possible to refer to target specific constants via the use of
the <code>CONSTANT(</code><var>name</var><code>)</code> operator, where <var>name</var> is one of:
<dl>
<dt><code>MAXPAGESIZE</code><dd><a name="index-MAXPAGESIZE-508"></a>The target's maximum page size.
<br><dt><code>COMMONPAGESIZE</code><dd><a name="index-COMMONPAGESIZE-509"></a>The target's default page size.
</dl>
<p>So for example:
<pre class="smallexample"> .text ALIGN (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE)) : { *(.text) }
</pre>
<p>will create a text section aligned to the largest page boundary
supported by the target.
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</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.10.3 Symbol Names</h4>
<p><a name="index-symbol-names-510"></a><a name="index-names-511"></a><a name="index-quoted-symbol-names-512"></a><a name="index-g_t_0022-513"></a>Unless quoted, symbol names start with a letter, underscore, or period
and may include letters, digits, underscores, periods, and hyphens.
Unquoted symbol names must not conflict with any keywords. You can
specify a symbol which contains odd characters or has the same name as a
keyword by surrounding the symbol name in double quotes:
<pre class="smallexample"> "SECTION" = 9;
"with a space" = "also with a space" + 10;
</pre>
<p>Since symbols can contain many non-alphabetic characters, it is safest
to delimit symbols with spaces. For example, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">A-B</span></samp>&rsquo; is one symbol,
whereas &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">A - B</span></samp>&rsquo; is an expression involving subtraction.
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<h3 class="section">4.12 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp>'s Support for Various TI COFF Versions</h3>
<p><a name="index-TI-COFF-versions-680"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dformat_003d_0040var_007bversion_007d-681"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--format</span></samp>&rsquo; switch allows selection of one of the various
TI COFF versions. The latest of this writing is 2; versions 0 and 1 are
also supported. The TI COFF versions also vary in header byte-order
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<h3 class="section">3.9 VERSION Command</h3>
<p><a name="index-VERSION-_0040_007bscript-text_0040_007d-493"></a><a name="index-symbol-versions-494"></a><a name="index-version-script-495"></a><a name="index-versions-of-symbols-496"></a>The linker supports symbol versions when using ELF. Symbol versions are
only useful when using shared libraries. The dynamic linker can use
symbol versions to select a specific version of a function when it runs
a program that may have been linked against an earlier version of the
shared library.
<p>You can include a version script directly in the main linker script, or
you can supply the version script as an implicit linker script. You can
also use the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version-script</span></samp>&rsquo; linker option.
<p>The syntax of the <code>VERSION</code> command is simply
<pre class="smallexample"> VERSION { version-script-commands }
</pre>
<p>The format of the version script commands is identical to that used by
Sun's linker in Solaris 2.5. The version script defines a tree of
version nodes. You specify the node names and interdependencies in the
version script. You can specify which symbols are bound to which
version nodes, and you can reduce a specified set of symbols to local
scope so that they are not globally visible outside of the shared
library.
<p>The easiest way to demonstrate the version script language is with a few
examples.
<pre class="smallexample"> VERS_1.1 {
global:
foo1;
local:
old*;
original*;
new*;
};
VERS_1.2 {
foo2;
} VERS_1.1;
VERS_2.0 {
bar1; bar2;
extern "C++" {
ns::*;
"f(int, double)";
};
} VERS_1.2;
</pre>
<p>This example version script defines three version nodes. The first
version node defined is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">VERS_1.1</span></samp>&rsquo;; it has no other dependencies.
The script binds the symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo1</span></samp>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">VERS_1.1</span></samp>&rsquo;. It reduces
a number of symbols to local scope so that they are not visible outside
of the shared library; this is done using wildcard patterns, so that any
symbol whose name begins with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">old</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">original</span></samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">new</span></samp>&rsquo;
is matched. The wildcard patterns available are the same as those used
in the shell when matching filenames (also known as &ldquo;globbing&rdquo;).
However, if you specify the symbol name inside double quotes, then the
name is treated as literal, rather than as a glob pattern.
<p>Next, the version script defines node &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">VERS_1.2</span></samp>&rsquo;. This node
depends upon &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">VERS_1.1</span></samp>&rsquo;. The script binds the symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo2</span></samp>&rsquo;
to the version node &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">VERS_1.2</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>Finally, the version script defines node &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">VERS_2.0</span></samp>&rsquo;. This node
depends upon &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">VERS_1.2</span></samp>&rsquo;. The scripts binds the symbols &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">bar1</span></samp>&rsquo;
and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">bar2</span></samp>&rsquo; are bound to the version node &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">VERS_2.0</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>When the linker finds a symbol defined in a library which is not
specifically bound to a version node, it will effectively bind it to an
unspecified base version of the library. You can bind all otherwise
unspecified symbols to a given version node by using &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">global: *;</span></samp>&rsquo;
somewhere in the version script. Note that it's slightly crazy to use
wildcards in a global spec except on the last version node. Global
wildcards elsewhere run the risk of accidentally adding symbols to the
set exported for an old version. That's wrong since older versions
ought to have a fixed set of symbols.
<p>The names of the version nodes have no specific meaning other than what
they might suggest to the person reading them. The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">2.0</span></samp>&rsquo; version
could just as well have appeared in between &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">1.1</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">1.2</span></samp>&rsquo;.
However, this would be a confusing way to write a version script.
<p>Node name can be omitted, provided it is the only version node
in the version script. Such version script doesn't assign any versions to
symbols, only selects which symbols will be globally visible out and which
won't.
<pre class="smallexample"> { global: foo; bar; local: *; };
</pre>
<p>When you link an application against a shared library that has versioned
symbols, the application itself knows which version of each symbol it
requires, and it also knows which version nodes it needs from each
shared library it is linked against. Thus at runtime, the dynamic
loader can make a quick check to make sure that the libraries you have
linked against do in fact supply all of the version nodes that the
application will need to resolve all of the dynamic symbols. In this
way it is possible for the dynamic linker to know with certainty that
all external symbols that it needs will be resolvable without having to
search for each symbol reference.
<p>The symbol versioning is in effect a much more sophisticated way of
doing minor version checking that SunOS does. The fundamental problem
that is being addressed here is that typically references to external
functions are bound on an as-needed basis, and are not all bound when
the application starts up. If a shared library is out of date, a
required interface may be missing; when the application tries to use
that interface, it may suddenly and unexpectedly fail. With symbol
versioning, the user will get a warning when they start their program if
the libraries being used with the application are too old.
<p>There are several GNU extensions to Sun's versioning approach. The
first of these is the ability to bind a symbol to a version node in the
source file where the symbol is defined instead of in the versioning
script. This was done mainly to reduce the burden on the library
maintainer. You can do this by putting something like:
<pre class="smallexample"> __asm__(".symver original_foo,foo@VERS_1.1");
</pre>
<p class="noindent">in the C source file. This renames the function &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">original_foo</span></samp>&rsquo; to
be an alias for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; bound to the version node &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">VERS_1.1</span></samp>&rsquo;.
The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">local:</span></samp>&rsquo; directive can be used to prevent the symbol
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">original_foo</span></samp>&rsquo; from being exported. A &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.symver</span></samp>&rsquo; directive
takes precedence over a version script.
<p>The second GNU extension is to allow multiple versions of the same
function to appear in a given shared library. In this way you can make
an incompatible change to an interface without increasing the major
version number of the shared library, while still allowing applications
linked against the old interface to continue to function.
<p>To do this, you must use multiple &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.symver</span></samp>&rsquo; directives in the
source file. Here is an example:
<pre class="smallexample"> __asm__(".symver original_foo,foo@");
__asm__(".symver old_foo,foo@VERS_1.1");
__asm__(".symver old_foo1,foo@VERS_1.2");
__asm__(".symver new_foo,foo@@VERS_2.0");
</pre>
<p>In this example, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo@</span></samp>&rsquo; represents the symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; bound to the
unspecified base version of the symbol. The source file that contains this
example would define 4 C functions: &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">original_foo</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">old_foo</span></samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">old_foo1</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">new_foo</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>When you have multiple definitions of a given symbol, there needs to be
some way to specify a default version to which external references to
this symbol will be bound. You can do this with the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo@@VERS_2.0</span></samp>&rsquo; type of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.symver</span></samp>&rsquo; directive. You can only
declare one version of a symbol as the default in this manner; otherwise
you would effectively have multiple definitions of the same symbol.
<p>If you wish to bind a reference to a specific version of the symbol
within the shared library, you can use the aliases of convenience
(i.e., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">old_foo</span></samp>&rsquo;), or you can use the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.symver</span></samp>&rsquo; directive to
specifically bind to an external version of the function in question.
<p>You can also specify the language in the version script:
<pre class="smallexample"> VERSION extern "lang" { version-script-commands }
</pre>
<p>The supported &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">lang</span></samp>&rsquo;s are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">C++</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Java</span></samp>&rsquo;.
The linker will iterate over the list of symbols at the link time and
demangle them according to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">lang</span></samp>&rsquo; before matching them to the
patterns specified in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">version-script-commands</span></samp>&rsquo;. The default
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">lang</span></samp>&rsquo; is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>Demangled names may contains spaces and other special characters. As
described above, you can use a glob pattern to match demangled names,
or you can use a double-quoted string to match the string exactly. In
the latter case, be aware that minor differences (such as differing
whitespace) between the version script and the demangler output will
cause a mismatch. As the exact string generated by the demangler
might change in the future, even if the mangled name does not, you
should check that all of your version directives are behaving as you
expect when you upgrade.
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<h3 class="section">4.13 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and WIN32 (cygwin/mingw)</h3>
<p>This section describes some of the win32 specific <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> issues.
See <a href="Options.html#Options">Command Line Options</a> for detailed description of the
command line options mentioned here.
<a name="index-import-libraries-682"></a>
<dl><dt><em>import libraries</em><dd>The standard Windows linker creates and uses so-called import
libraries, which contains information for linking to dll's. They are
regular static archives and are handled as any other static
archive. The cygwin and mingw ports of <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> have specific
support for creating such libraries provided with the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--out-implib</span></samp>&rsquo; command line option.
<br><dt><em>exporting DLL symbols</em><dd><a name="index-exporting-DLL-symbols-683"></a>The cygwin/mingw <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> has several ways to export symbols for dll's.
<dl>
<dt><em>using auto-export functionality</em><dd><a name="index-using-auto_002dexport-functionality-684"></a>By default <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> exports symbols with the auto-export functionality,
which is controlled by the following command line options:
<ul>
<li>&ndash;export-all-symbols [This is the default]
<li>&ndash;exclude-symbols
<li>&ndash;exclude-libs
<li>&ndash;exclude-modules-for-implib
<li>&ndash;version-script
</ul>
<p>When auto-export is in operation, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> will export all the non-local
(global and common) symbols it finds in a DLL, with the exception of a few
symbols known to belong to the system's runtime and libraries. As it will
often not be desirable to export all of a DLL's symbols, which may include
private functions that are not part of any public interface, the command-line
options listed above may be used to filter symbols out from the list for
exporting. The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--output-def</span></samp>&rsquo; option can be used in order to see the
final list of exported symbols with all exclusions taken into effect.
<p>If &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--export-all-symbols</span></samp>&rsquo; is not given explicitly on the
command line, then the default auto-export behavior will be <em>disabled</em>
if either of the following are true:
<ul>
<li>A DEF file is used.
<li>Any symbol in any object file was marked with the __declspec(dllexport) attribute.
</ul>
<br><dt><em>using a DEF file</em><dd><a name="index-using-a-DEF-file-685"></a>Another way of exporting symbols is using a DEF file. A DEF file is
an ASCII file containing definitions of symbols which should be
exported when a dll is created. Usually it is named &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&lt;dll
name&gt;.def</span></samp>&rsquo; and is added as any other object file to the linker's
command line. The file's name must end in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.def</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.DEF</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<pre class="example"> gcc -o &lt;output&gt; &lt;objectfiles&gt; &lt;dll name&gt;.def
</pre>
<p>Using a DEF file turns off the normal auto-export behavior, unless the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--export-all-symbols</span></samp>&rsquo; option is also used.
<p>Here is an example of a DEF file for a shared library called &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">xyz.dll</span></samp>&rsquo;:
<pre class="example"> LIBRARY "xyz.dll" BASE=0x20000000
EXPORTS
foo
bar
_bar = bar
another_foo = abc.dll.afoo
var1 DATA
doo = foo == foo2
eoo DATA == var1
</pre>
<p>This example defines a DLL with a non-default base address and seven
symbols in the export table. The third exported symbol <code>_bar</code> is an
alias for the second. The fourth symbol, <code>another_foo</code> is resolved
by "forwarding" to another module and treating it as an alias for
<code>afoo</code> exported from the DLL &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">abc.dll</span></samp>&rsquo;. The final symbol
<code>var1</code> is declared to be a data object. The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">doo</span></samp>&rsquo; symbol in
export library is an alias of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo;, which gets the string name
in export table &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo2</span></samp>&rsquo;. The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">eoo</span></samp>&rsquo; symbol is an data export
symbol, which gets in export table the name &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">var1</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>The optional <code>LIBRARY &lt;name&gt;</code> command indicates the <em>internal</em>
name of the output DLL. If &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&lt;name&gt;</span></samp>&rsquo; does not include a suffix,
the default library suffix, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.DLL</span></samp>&rsquo; is appended.
<p>When the .DEF file is used to build an application, rather than a
library, the <code>NAME &lt;name&gt;</code> command should be used instead of
<code>LIBRARY</code>. If &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&lt;name&gt;</span></samp>&rsquo; does not include a suffix, the default
executable suffix, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.EXE</span></samp>&rsquo; is appended.
<p>With either <code>LIBRARY &lt;name&gt;</code> or <code>NAME &lt;name&gt;</code> the optional
specification <code>BASE = &lt;number&gt;</code> may be used to specify a
non-default base address for the image.
<p>If neither <code>LIBRARY &lt;name&gt;</code> nor <code>NAME &lt;name&gt;</code> is specified,
or they specify an empty string, the internal name is the same as the
filename specified on the command line.
<p>The complete specification of an export symbol is:
<pre class="example"> EXPORTS
( ( ( &lt;name1&gt; [ = &lt;name2&gt; ] )
| ( &lt;name1&gt; = &lt;module-name&gt; . &lt;external-name&gt;))
[ @ &lt;integer&gt; ] [NONAME] [DATA] [CONSTANT] [PRIVATE] [== &lt;name3&gt;] ) *
</pre>
<p>Declares &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&lt;name1&gt;</span></samp>&rsquo; as an exported symbol from the DLL, or declares
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&lt;name1&gt;</span></samp>&rsquo; as an exported alias for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&lt;name2&gt;</span></samp>&rsquo;; or declares
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&lt;name1&gt;</span></samp>&rsquo; as a "forward" alias for the symbol
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&lt;external-name&gt;</span></samp>&rsquo; in the DLL &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&lt;module-name&gt;</span></samp>&rsquo;.
Optionally, the symbol may be exported by the specified ordinal
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&lt;integer&gt;</span></samp>&rsquo; alias. The optional &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&lt;name3&gt;</span></samp>&rsquo; is the to be used
string in import/export table for the symbol.
<p>The optional keywords that follow the declaration indicate:
<p><code>NONAME</code>: Do not put the symbol name in the DLL's export table. It
will still be exported by its ordinal alias (either the value specified
by the .def specification or, otherwise, the value assigned by the
linker). The symbol name, however, does remain visible in the import
library (if any), unless <code>PRIVATE</code> is also specified.
<p><code>DATA</code>: The symbol is a variable or object, rather than a function.
The import lib will export only an indirect reference to <code>foo</code> as
the symbol <code>_imp__foo</code> (ie, <code>foo</code> must be resolved as
<code>*_imp__foo</code>).
<p><code>CONSTANT</code>: Like <code>DATA</code>, but put the undecorated <code>foo</code> as
well as <code>_imp__foo</code> into the import library. Both refer to the
read-only import address table's pointer to the variable, not to the
variable itself. This can be dangerous. If the user code fails to add
the <code>dllimport</code> attribute and also fails to explicitly add the
extra indirection that the use of the attribute enforces, the
application will behave unexpectedly.
<p><code>PRIVATE</code>: Put the symbol in the DLL's export table, but do not put
it into the static import library used to resolve imports at link time. The
symbol can still be imported using the <code>LoadLibrary/GetProcAddress</code>
API at runtime or by by using the GNU ld extension of linking directly to
the DLL without an import library.
<p>See ld/deffilep.y in the binutils sources for the full specification of
other DEF file statements
<p><a name="index-creating-a-DEF-file-686"></a>While linking a shared dll, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> is able to create a DEF file
with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--output-def &lt;file&gt;</span></samp>&rsquo; command line option.
<br><dt><em>Using decorations</em><dd><a name="index-Using-decorations-687"></a>Another way of marking symbols for export is to modify the source code
itself, so that when building the DLL each symbol to be exported is
declared as:
<pre class="example"> __declspec(dllexport) int a_variable
__declspec(dllexport) void a_function(int with_args)
</pre>
<p>All such symbols will be exported from the DLL. If, however,
any of the object files in the DLL contain symbols decorated in
this way, then the normal auto-export behavior is disabled, unless
the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--export-all-symbols</span></samp>&rsquo; option is also used.
<p>Note that object files that wish to access these symbols must <em>not</em>
decorate them with dllexport. Instead, they should use dllimport,
instead:
<pre class="example"> __declspec(dllimport) int a_variable
__declspec(dllimport) void a_function(int with_args)
</pre>
<p>This complicates the structure of library header files, because
when included by the library itself the header must declare the
variables and functions as dllexport, but when included by client
code the header must declare them as dllimport. There are a number
of idioms that are typically used to do this; often client code can
omit the __declspec() declaration completely. See
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-auto-import</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">automatic data imports</span></samp>&rsquo; for more
information.
</dl>
<p><a name="index-automatic-data-imports-688"></a><br><dt><em>automatic data imports</em><dd>The standard Windows dll format supports data imports from dlls only
by adding special decorations (dllimport/dllexport), which let the
compiler produce specific assembler instructions to deal with this
issue. This increases the effort necessary to port existing Un*x
code to these platforms, especially for large
c++ libraries and applications. The auto-import feature, which was
initially provided by Paul Sokolovsky, allows one to omit the
decorations to achieve a behavior that conforms to that on POSIX/Un*x
platforms. This feature is enabled with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-auto-import</span></samp>&rsquo;
command-line option, although it is enabled by default on cygwin/mingw.
The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-auto-import</span></samp>&rsquo; option itself now serves mainly to
suppress any warnings that are ordinarily emitted when linked objects
trigger the feature's use.
<p>auto-import of variables does not always work flawlessly without
additional assistance. Sometimes, you will see this message
<p>"variable '&lt;var&gt;' can't be auto-imported. Please read the
documentation for ld's <code>--enable-auto-import</code> for details."
<p>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-auto-import</span></samp>&rsquo; documentation explains why this error
occurs, and several methods that can be used to overcome this difficulty.
One of these methods is the <em>runtime pseudo-relocs</em> feature, described
below.
<p><a name="index-runtime-pseudo_002drelocation-689"></a>For complex variables imported from DLLs (such as structs or classes),
object files typically contain a base address for the variable and an
offset (<em>addend</em>) within the variable&ndash;to specify a particular
field or public member, for instance. Unfortunately, the runtime loader used
in win32 environments is incapable of fixing these references at runtime
without the additional information supplied by dllimport/dllexport decorations.
The standard auto-import feature described above is unable to resolve these
references.
<p>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-runtime-pseudo-relocs</span></samp>&rsquo; switch allows these references to
be resolved without error, while leaving the task of adjusting the references
themselves (with their non-zero addends) to specialized code provided by the
runtime environment. Recent versions of the cygwin and mingw environments and
compilers provide this runtime support; older versions do not. However, the
support is only necessary on the developer's platform; the compiled result will
run without error on an older system.
<p>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-runtime-pseudo-relocs</span></samp>&rsquo; is not the default; it must be explicitly
enabled as needed.
<p><a name="index-direct-linking-to-a-dll-690"></a><br><dt><em>direct linking to a dll</em><dd>The cygwin/mingw ports of <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> support the direct linking,
including data symbols, to a dll without the usage of any import
libraries. This is much faster and uses much less memory than does the
traditional import library method, especially when linking large
libraries or applications. When <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> creates an import lib, each
function or variable exported from the dll is stored in its own bfd, even
though a single bfd could contain many exports. The overhead involved in
storing, loading, and processing so many bfd's is quite large, and explains the
tremendous time, memory, and storage needed to link against particularly
large or complex libraries when using import libs.
<p>Linking directly to a dll uses no extra command-line switches other than
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-L</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-l</span></samp>&rsquo;, because <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> already searches for a number
of names to match each library. All that is needed from the developer's
perspective is an understanding of this search, in order to force ld to
select the dll instead of an import library.
<p>For instance, when ld is called with the argument &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-lxxx</span></samp>&rsquo; it will attempt
to find, in the first directory of its search path,
<pre class="example"> libxxx.dll.a
xxx.dll.a
libxxx.a
xxx.lib
cygxxx.dll (*)
libxxx.dll
xxx.dll
</pre>
<p>before moving on to the next directory in the search path.
<p>(*) Actually, this is not &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">cygxxx.dll</span></samp>&rsquo; but in fact is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&lt;prefix&gt;xxx.dll</span></samp>&rsquo;,
where &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&lt;prefix&gt;</span></samp>&rsquo; is set by the <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> option
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--dll-search-prefix=&lt;prefix&gt;</span></samp>&rsquo;. In the case of cygwin, the standard gcc spec
file includes &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--dll-search-prefix=cyg</span></samp>&rsquo;, so in effect we actually search for
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">cygxxx.dll</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>Other win32-based unix environments, such as mingw or pw32, may use other
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&lt;prefix&gt;</span></samp>&rsquo;es, although at present only cygwin makes use of this feature. It
was originally intended to help avoid name conflicts among dll's built for the
various win32/un*x environments, so that (for example) two versions of a zlib dll
could coexist on the same machine.
<p>The generic cygwin/mingw path layout uses a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">bin</span></samp>&rsquo; directory for
applications and dll's and a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">lib</span></samp>&rsquo; directory for the import
libraries (using cygwin nomenclature):
<pre class="example"> bin/
cygxxx.dll
lib/
libxxx.dll.a (in case of dll's)
libxxx.a (in case of static archive)
</pre>
<p>Linking directly to a dll without using the import library can be
done two ways:
<p>1. Use the dll directly by adding the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">bin</span></samp>&rsquo; path to the link line
<pre class="example"> gcc -Wl,-verbose -o a.exe -L../bin/ -lxxx
</pre>
<p>However, as the dll's often have version numbers appended to their names
(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">cygncurses-5.dll</span></samp>&rsquo;) this will often fail, unless one specifies
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-L../bin -lncurses-5</span></samp>&rsquo; to include the version. Import libs are generally
not versioned, and do not have this difficulty.
<p>2. Create a symbolic link from the dll to a file in the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">lib</span></samp>&rsquo;
directory according to the above mentioned search pattern. This
should be used to avoid unwanted changes in the tools needed for
making the app/dll.
<pre class="example"> ln -s bin/cygxxx.dll lib/[cyg|lib|]xxx.dll[.a]
</pre>
<p>Then you can link without any make environment changes.
<pre class="example"> gcc -Wl,-verbose -o a.exe -L../lib/ -lxxx
</pre>
<p>This technique also avoids the version number problems, because the following is
perfectly legal
<pre class="example"> bin/
cygxxx-5.dll
lib/
libxxx.dll.a -&gt; ../bin/cygxxx-5.dll
</pre>
<p>Linking directly to a dll without using an import lib will work
even when auto-import features are exercised, and even when
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-runtime-pseudo-relocs</span></samp>&rsquo; is used.
<p>Given the improvements in speed and memory usage, one might justifiably
wonder why import libraries are used at all. There are three reasons:
<p>1. Until recently, the link-directly-to-dll functionality did <em>not</em>
work with auto-imported data.
<p>2. Sometimes it is necessary to include pure static objects within the
import library (which otherwise contains only bfd's for indirection
symbols that point to the exports of a dll). Again, the import lib
for the cygwin kernel makes use of this ability, and it is not
possible to do this without an import lib.
<p>3. Symbol aliases can only be resolved using an import lib. This is
critical when linking against OS-supplied dll's (eg, the win32 API)
in which symbols are usually exported as undecorated aliases of their
stdcall-decorated assembly names.
<p>So, import libs are not going away. But the ability to replace
true import libs with a simple symbolic link to (or a copy of)
a dll, in many cases, is a useful addition to the suite of tools
binutils makes available to the win32 developer. Given the
massive improvements in memory requirements during linking, storage
requirements, and linking speed, we expect that many developers
will soon begin to use this feature whenever possible.
<br><dt><em>symbol aliasing</em><dd>
<dl>
<dt><em>adding additional names</em><dd>Sometimes, it is useful to export symbols with additional names.
A symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; will be exported as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo;, but it can also be
exported as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">_foo</span></samp>&rsquo; by using special directives in the DEF file
when creating the dll. This will affect also the optional created
import library. Consider the following DEF file:
<pre class="example"> LIBRARY "xyz.dll" BASE=0x61000000
EXPORTS
foo
_foo = foo
</pre>
<p>The line &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">_foo = foo</span></samp>&rsquo; maps the symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">_foo</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>Another method for creating a symbol alias is to create it in the
source code using the "weak" attribute:
<pre class="example"> void foo () { /* Do something. */; }
void _foo () __attribute__ ((weak, alias ("foo")));
</pre>
<p>See the gcc manual for more information about attributes and weak
symbols.
<br><dt><em>renaming symbols</em><dd>Sometimes it is useful to rename exports. For instance, the cygwin
kernel does this regularly. A symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">_foo</span></samp>&rsquo; can be exported as
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; but not as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">_foo</span></samp>&rsquo; by using special directives in the
DEF file. (This will also affect the import library, if it is
created). In the following example:
<pre class="example"> LIBRARY "xyz.dll" BASE=0x61000000
EXPORTS
_foo = foo
</pre>
<p>The line &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">_foo = foo</span></samp>&rsquo; maps the exported symbol &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; to
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">_foo</span></samp>&rsquo;.
</dl>
<p>Note: using a DEF file disables the default auto-export behavior,
unless the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--export-all-symbols</span></samp>&rsquo; command line option is used.
If, however, you are trying to rename symbols, then you should list
<em>all</em> desired exports in the DEF file, including the symbols
that are not being renamed, and do <em>not</em> use the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--export-all-symbols</span></samp>&rsquo; option. If you list only the
renamed symbols in the DEF file, and use &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--export-all-symbols</span></samp>&rsquo;
to handle the other symbols, then the both the new names <em>and</em>
the original names for the renamed symbols will be exported.
In effect, you'd be aliasing those symbols, not renaming them,
which is probably not what you wanted.
<p><a name="index-weak-externals-691"></a><br><dt><em>weak externals</em><dd>The Windows object format, PE, specifies a form of weak symbols called
weak externals. When a weak symbol is linked and the symbol is not
defined, the weak symbol becomes an alias for some other symbol. There
are three variants of weak externals:
<ul>
<li>Definition is searched for in objects and libraries, historically
called lazy externals.
<li>Definition is searched for only in other objects, not in libraries.
This form is not presently implemented.
<li>No search; the symbol is an alias. This form is not presently
implemented.
</ul>
As a GNU extension, weak symbols that do not specify an alternate symbol
are supported. If the symbol is undefined when linking, the symbol
uses a default value.
<p><a name="index-aligned-common-symbols-692"></a><br><dt><em>aligned common symbols</em><dd>As a GNU extension to the PE file format, it is possible to specify the
desired alignment for a common symbol. This information is conveyed from
the assembler or compiler to the linker by means of GNU-specific commands
carried in the object file's &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.drectve</span></samp>&rsquo; section, which are recognized
by <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and respected when laying out the common symbols. Native
tools will be able to process object files employing this GNU extension,
but will fail to respect the alignment instructions, and may issue noisy
warnings about unknown linker directives.
</dl>
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<hr>
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<h3 class="section">4.14 <code>ld</code> and Xtensa Processors</h3>
<p><a name="index-Xtensa-processors-693"></a>The default <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> behavior for Xtensa processors is to interpret
<code>SECTIONS</code> commands so that lists of explicitly named sections in a
specification with a wildcard file will be interleaved when necessary to
keep literal pools within the range of PC-relative load offsets. For
example, with the command:
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS
{
.text : {
*(.literal .text)
}
}
</pre>
<p class="noindent"><samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> may interleave some of the <code>.literal</code>
and <code>.text</code> sections from different object files to ensure that the
literal pools are within the range of PC-relative load offsets. A valid
interleaving might place the <code>.literal</code> sections from an initial
group of files followed by the <code>.text</code> sections of that group of
files. Then, the <code>.literal</code> sections from the rest of the files
and the <code>.text</code> sections from the rest of the files would follow.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040option_007b_002d_002drelax_007d-on-Xtensa-694"></a><a name="index-relaxing-on-Xtensa-695"></a>Relaxation is enabled by default for the Xtensa version of <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and
provides two important link-time optimizations. The first optimization
is to combine identical literal values to reduce code size. A redundant
literal will be removed and all the <code>L32R</code> instructions that use it
will be changed to reference an identical literal, as long as the
location of the replacement literal is within the offset range of all
the <code>L32R</code> instructions. The second optimization is to remove
unnecessary overhead from assembler-generated &ldquo;longcall&rdquo; sequences of
<code>L32R</code>/<code>CALLX</code><var>n</var> when the target functions are within
range of direct <code>CALL</code><var>n</var> instructions.
<p>For each of these cases where an indirect call sequence can be optimized
to a direct call, the linker will change the <code>CALLX</code><var>n</var>
instruction to a <code>CALL</code><var>n</var> instruction, remove the <code>L32R</code>
instruction, and remove the literal referenced by the <code>L32R</code>
instruction if it is not used for anything else. Removing the
<code>L32R</code> instruction always reduces code size but can potentially
hurt performance by changing the alignment of subsequent branch targets.
By default, the linker will always preserve alignments, either by
switching some instructions between 24-bit encodings and the equivalent
density instructions or by inserting a no-op in place of the <code>L32R</code>
instruction that was removed. If code size is more important than
performance, the <samp><span class="option">--size-opt</span></samp> option can be used to prevent the
linker from widening density instructions or inserting no-ops, except in
a few cases where no-ops are required for correctness.
<p>The following Xtensa-specific command-line options can be used to
control the linker:
<p><a name="index-Xtensa-options-696"></a>
<dl>
<dt><samp><span class="option">--size-opt</span></samp><dd>When optimizing indirect calls to direct calls, optimize for code size
more than performance. With this option, the linker will not insert
no-ops or widen density instructions to preserve branch target
alignment. There may still be some cases where no-ops are required to
preserve the correctness of the code.
</dl>
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<h3 class="section">4.2 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the Intel 960 Family</h3>
<p><a name="index-i960-support-572"></a>
You can use the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-A</span><var>architecture</var></samp>&rsquo; command line option to
specify one of the two-letter names identifying members of the 960
family; the option specifies the desired output target, and warns of any
incompatible instructions in the input files. It also modifies the
linker's search strategy for archive libraries, to support the use of
libraries specific to each particular architecture, by including in the
search loop names suffixed with the string identifying the architecture.
<p>For example, if your <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> command line included &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ACA</span></samp>&rsquo;<!-- /@w --> as
well as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ltry</span></samp>&rsquo;<!-- /@w -->, the linker would look (in its built-in search
paths, and in any paths you specify with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-L</span></samp>&rsquo;) for a library with
the names
<pre class="smallexample"> try
libtry.a
tryca
libtryca.a
</pre>
<p class="noindent">The first two possibilities would be considered in any event; the last
two are due to the use of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ACA</span></samp>&rsquo;<!-- /@w -->.
<p>You can meaningfully use &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-A</span></samp>&rsquo; more than once on a command line, since
the 960 architecture family allows combination of target architectures; each
use will add another pair of name variants to search for when &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-l</span></samp>&rsquo;<!-- /@w -->
specifies a library.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040option_007b_002d_002drelax_007d-on-i960-573"></a><a name="index-relaxing-on-i960-574"></a><samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> supports the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--relax</span></samp>&rsquo; option for the i960 family. If
you specify &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--relax</span></samp>&rsquo;, <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> finds all <code>balx</code> and
<code>calx</code> instructions whose targets are within 24 bits, and turns
them into 24-bit program-counter relative <code>bal</code> and <code>cal</code>
instructions, respectively. <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> also turns <code>cal</code>
instructions into <code>bal</code> instructions when it determines that the
target subroutine is a leaf routine (that is, the target subroutine does
not itself call any subroutines).
<p><a name="index-Cortex_002dA8-erratum-workaround-575"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dfix_002dcortex_002da8-576"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dfix_002dcortex_002da8-577"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--fix-cortex-a8</span></samp>&rsquo; switch enables a link-time workaround for an erratum in certain Cortex-A8 processors. The workaround is enabled by default if you are targeting the ARM v7-A architecture profile. It can be enabled otherwise by specifying &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--fix-cortex-a8</span></samp>&rsquo;, or disabled unconditionally by specifying &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--no-fix-cortex-a8</span></samp>&rsquo;.
<p>The erratum only affects Thumb-2 code. Please contact ARM for further details.
<p><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dmerge_002dexidx_002dentries-578"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dmerge_002dexidx_002dentries-579"></a>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--no-merge-exidx-entries</span></samp>&rsquo; switch disables the merging of adjacent exidx entries in debuginfo.
</body></html>

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<div class="contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a name="toc_Top" href="index.html#Top">LD</a>
<li><a name="toc_Overview" href="Overview.html#Overview">1 Overview</a>
<li><a name="toc_Invocation" href="Invocation.html#Invocation">2 Invocation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Options.html#Options">2.1 Command Line Options</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Options.html#Options">2.1.1 Options Specific to i386 PE Targets</a>
<li><a href="Options.html#Options">2.1.2 Options specific to C6X uClinux targets</a>
<li><a href="Options.html#Options">2.1.3 Options specific to Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 targets</a>
<li><a href="Options.html#Options">2.1.4 Options specific to Motorola 68K target</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="Environment.html#Environment">2.2 Environment Variables</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Scripts" href="Scripts.html#Scripts">3 Linker Scripts</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Basic-Script-Concepts.html#Basic-Script-Concepts">3.1 Basic Linker Script Concepts</a>
<li><a href="Script-Format.html#Script-Format">3.2 Linker Script Format</a>
<li><a href="Simple-Example.html#Simple-Example">3.3 Simple Linker Script Example</a>
<li><a href="Simple-Commands.html#Simple-Commands">3.4 Simple Linker Script Commands</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Entry-Point.html#Entry-Point">3.4.1 Setting the Entry Point</a>
<li><a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">3.4.2 Commands Dealing with Files</a>
<li><a href="Format-Commands.html#Format-Commands">3.4.3 Commands Dealing with Object File Formats</a>
<li><a href="REGION_005fALIAS.html#REGION_005fALIAS">3.4.4 Assign alias names to memory regions</a>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">3.4.5 Other Linker Script Commands</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="Assignments.html#Assignments">3.5 Assigning Values to Symbols</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Simple-Assignments.html#Simple-Assignments">3.5.1 Simple Assignments</a>
<li><a href="HIDDEN.html#HIDDEN">3.5.2 HIDDEN</a>
<li><a href="PROVIDE.html#PROVIDE">3.5.3 PROVIDE</a>
<li><a href="PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN.html#PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN">3.5.4 PROVIDE_HIDDEN</a>
<li><a href="Source-Code-Reference.html#Source-Code-Reference">3.5.5 Source Code Reference</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="SECTIONS.html#SECTIONS">3.6 SECTIONS Command</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Description.html#Output-Section-Description">3.6.1 Output Section Description</a>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Name.html#Output-Section-Name">3.6.2 Output Section Name</a>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Address.html#Output-Section-Address">3.6.3 Output Section Address</a>
<li><a href="Input-Section.html#Input-Section">3.6.4 Input Section Description</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Basics.html#Input-Section-Basics">3.6.4.1 Input Section Basics</a>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#Input-Section-Wildcards">3.6.4.2 Input Section Wildcard Patterns</a>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Common.html#Input-Section-Common">3.6.4.3 Input Section for Common Symbols</a>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Keep.html#Input-Section-Keep">3.6.4.4 Input Section and Garbage Collection</a>
<li><a href="Input-Section-Example.html#Input-Section-Example">3.6.4.5 Input Section Example</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">3.6.5 Output Section Data</a>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#Output-Section-Keywords">3.6.6 Output Section Keywords</a>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Discarding.html#Output-Section-Discarding">3.6.7 Output Section Discarding</a>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Attributes.html#Output-Section-Attributes">3.6.8 Output Section Attributes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Type.html#Output-Section-Type">3.6.8.1 Output Section Type</a>
<li><a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#Output-Section-LMA">3.6.8.2 Output Section LMA</a>
<li><a href="Forced-Output-Alignment.html#Forced-Output-Alignment">3.6.8.3 Forced Output Alignment</a>
<li><a href="Forced-Input-Alignment.html#Forced-Input-Alignment">3.6.8.4 Forced Input Alignment</a>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Constraint.html#Output-Section-Constraint">3.6.8.5 Output Section Constraint</a>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Region.html#Output-Section-Region">3.6.8.6 Output Section Region</a>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Phdr.html#Output-Section-Phdr">3.6.8.7 Output Section Phdr</a>
<li><a href="Output-Section-Fill.html#Output-Section-Fill">3.6.8.8 Output Section Fill</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="Overlay-Description.html#Overlay-Description">3.6.9 Overlay Description</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">3.7 MEMORY Command</a>
<li><a href="PHDRS.html#PHDRS">3.8 PHDRS Command</a>
<li><a href="VERSION.html#VERSION">3.9 VERSION Command</a>
<li><a href="Expressions.html#Expressions">3.10 Expressions in Linker Scripts</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Constants.html#Constants">3.10.1 Constants</a>
<li><a href="Symbolic-Constants.html#Symbolic-Constants">3.10.2 Symbolic Constants</a>
<li><a href="Symbols.html#Symbols">3.10.3 Symbol Names</a>
<li><a href="Orphan-Sections.html#Orphan-Sections">3.10.4 Orphan Sections</a>
<li><a href="Location-Counter.html#Location-Counter">3.10.5 The Location Counter</a>
<li><a href="Operators.html#Operators">3.10.6 Operators</a>
<li><a href="Evaluation.html#Evaluation">3.10.7 Evaluation</a>
<li><a href="Expression-Section.html#Expression-Section">3.10.8 The Section of an Expression</a>
<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">3.10.9 Builtin Functions</a>
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<li><a href="Implicit-Linker-Scripts.html#Implicit-Linker-Scripts">3.11 Implicit Linker Scripts</a>
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<li><a name="toc_Machine-Dependent" href="Machine-Dependent.html#Machine-Dependent">4 Machine Dependent Features</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="H8_002f300.html#H8_002f300">4.1 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the H8/300</a>
<li><a href="i960.html#i960">4.2 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the Intel 960 Family</a>
<li><a href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#M68HC11_002f68HC12">4.3 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 families</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#M68HC11_002f68HC12">4.3.1 Linker Relaxation</a>
<li><a href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#M68HC11_002f68HC12">4.3.2 Trampoline Generation</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="ARM.html#ARM">4.4 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the ARM family</a>
<li><a href="HPPA-ELF32.html#HPPA-ELF32">4.5 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and HPPA 32-bit ELF Support</a>
<li><a href="M68K.html#M68K">4.6 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the Motorola 68K family</a>
<li><a href="MMIX.html#MMIX">4.7 <code>ld</code> and MMIX</a>
<li><a href="MSP430.html#MSP430">4.8 <code>ld</code> and MSP430</a>
<li><a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">4.9 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and PowerPC 32-bit ELF Support</a>
<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">4.10 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and PowerPC64 64-bit ELF Support</a>
<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">4.11 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and SPU ELF Support</a>
<li><a href="TI-COFF.html#TI-COFF">4.12 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp>'s Support for Various TI COFF Versions</a>
<li><a href="WIN32.html#WIN32">4.13 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and WIN32 (cygwin/mingw)</a>
<li><a href="Xtensa.html#Xtensa">4.14 <code>ld</code> and Xtensa Processors</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_BFD" href="BFD.html#BFD">5 BFD</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="BFD-outline.html#BFD-outline">5.1 How It Works: An Outline of BFD</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="BFD-information-loss.html#BFD-information-loss">5.1.1 Information Loss</a>
<li><a href="Canonical-format.html#Canonical-format">5.1.2 The BFD canonical object-file format</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Reporting-Bugs" href="Reporting-Bugs.html#Reporting-Bugs">6 Reporting Bugs</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Bug-Criteria.html#Bug-Criteria">6.1 Have You Found a Bug?</a>
<li><a href="Bug-Reporting.html#Bug-Reporting">6.2 How to Report Bugs</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_MRI" href="MRI.html#MRI">Appendix A MRI Compatible Script Files</a>
<li><a name="toc_GNU-Free-Documentation-License" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">Appendix B GNU Free Documentation License</a>
<li><a name="toc_LD-Index" href="LD-Index.html#LD-Index">LD Index</a>
</li></ul>
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<h2 class="unnumbered">LD</h2>
<p>This file documents the <span class="sc">gnu</span> linker ld
(GNU Binutils)
version 2.23.2.
<p>This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License version 1.3. A copy of the license is included
in the section entitled &ldquo;GNU Free Documentation License&rdquo;.
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